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There is much insight to be gained here into the Verdurian mind; not only from the distinctions of meaning available in the language, but in the classifications to be found in various semantic fields, from animal names to genres of writing. Explanations are provided where they may prove helpful, especially when some background explanation can illuminate a whole sequence of related words (see for instance the notes on the soul, and on types of physical substances).
The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, that linguistic categories determine thought, is out of favor; but only the strong form need be rejected. There should be no doubt that the categories and concepts of language influence thought, and that the words, metaphors, and semantic fields of a language are a treasure-trove of cultural information.
Like any treasury, of course, it contains fakes and antiques. Often the information encoded is out of date and no longer believed. But even this is interesting; it not only tells us something about the history of the culture, but about what traditional formulations and ancestral conceptions the modern user of the language must struggle against.
Every attempt has been made to achieve accuracy; but conciseness has been preferred to completeness. Glosses are sufficient to identify the sense and distinguish it from closely related words, and no more. In most cases fuller explanations of meanings can be found in the Verdurian-English Dictionary, which should also be consulted for grammatical, stylistic, and etymological information.
Information more readily found or better explained elsewhere in the Research Series is not duplicated here. For instance, numbers, pronouns, prepositions, and affixes are already collected and explicated in the Grammar; geographical names are better read from the Gazeteer; historical names from the Historical Atlas; given names in the monograph on Verdurian Names; names of Cadhinorian gods from the material on Almean religion in Almean Belief Systems. The latter monograph is also the first place to look for further consideration of Verdurian thought and culture in general.
To save space, only one (usually the shortest) of a set of morphologically related words (e.g. gromne 'threatening', gromnec 'threaten', gromnát 'threat') are listed, unless the derivations could not be readily found in the Dictionary (e.g. büt 'goal', agbüte 'useless'). Predictable derivations with rho-, sam-, im-, oti- are not included. For the same reason names of professions are not listed, if they are derived transparently from a listed term (e.g. fäbát 'painting' --> fäbom 'painter'). Learners are advised, however, not to try to invent words this way; the derivations aren't always regular.
Words appear in multiple sections where they either have multiple senses, or direct relevance to multiple categories.
Metaphorical usages (e.g attróuen 'reach' for 'convince'; cipan 'boil' for 'be angry') are generally not cross-referenced, unless they have become so well-established that the metaphoricity has been lost (e.g. imlelen 'make to appear' --> 'publish'; melürec 'go from flower to flower, pollinate' --> 'shop'). The danger that the semantic resources of the language are thus understated must be offset against the considerable savings of space, and the predictability of such expressions.
Some colloquialisms have been included, when they seem not to be ephemeral; e.g. subu 'idiot' has been current for at least fifty years, pasetir in the sense of 'sleep with' for at least a century; and brurho 'belly' and gara 'breast' date back to Old Verdurian. The corollary, however, is that ephemeral slang, no matter how popular or amusing (cf. the early 34th century samelréë 'queenless' = 'out of control'), is not included.
Generally, each paragraph's worth of Verdurian words forms one semantic field. Where a superordinate term (e.g. 'fruit' for 'lemon', 'banana', 'orange') exists, it is listed first within the paragraph, separated from its subordinates by a slash (/). The same convention is used to indicate the unmarked nominalization referring to a graded category (e.g. 'heat' for 'cold, cool, warm, hot'). In either case a second slash sets off more remotely connected terms.
Fourth edition, January 2002
© 1997-98, 2002 by Mark Rosenfelder
Nonexistence. rhodembul - nonexistent; rhoicë - absent
Coming to be. dësan - come into being / imlelen - appear
Seeming: 26. Leria (Understanding)
Ceasing to be. ishshalean - vanish, cease to exist / islelen - disappear
Creation. creir - create; indësan - call into being; fassec - do, make; leprosan - invent
Manufacture: 47. Craft
Destruction. imnishan - annihilate; mautruir - destroy
Source. perzhano - source (place of origin); iseléaku - source material, raw material; rhizo - root, base; pol - basis, ground
Change. dheltan - change / adesan - become, change one's nature; ocan - get, become, change one's state; ulechen - evolve, develop; chichaumec - vary; mesmere - substitute
Lack of change. ilavren - stay, remain in stasis; leberhaner - maintain
Need. butosheo - need / fayir - be necessary; imfayir - logically require; luchen - miss, regret the lack; mancan - lack; siloran - need; toshen - suffice, satisfy; trometul - superfluous; zamancan - run out
Relation. meas - relation; celise - mutual; cellëc - connection; celmeas - intercourse
State. shircaora - condition; ocát - state, status; ilavri - stasis
Type. kest - kind, type, species; surkest - class, category (conceptually broader than a kest)
Nature. hecu - nature, character; ftacon - essence, inner nature; cöne - basic; onoterul - attribute, property, incidental nature; silireca - tendency
Systems. antau - system
1 hour or less
Day. dën - day / solial - sunrise, dawn; utro - morning; eldën - noon; proseo - midday break; shueza, plendën - afternoon; crefu - dusk; crefuselta - twilight; zakát - sunset; vëcher - evening; nochy - night; elnochy - midnight / tutan - daily
Today. vetra - yesterday; eludëno - today; zaftra - tomorrow
Week. hepdën - week; chilepdëne - weekly / days of week: scúreden, shirden, fidren, calten, zëden, néronden (market day), cedhnare (sabbath)
Month. iliazhyosh - month; chiliazhëe - monthly / spring: olashu, reli, cuéndimar; summer: vlerëi, calo, recoltë; fall: yag, zhelea, ishire; winter: shoru, frodhac, beshana
Season. zontor - season; zontorise - seasonal / demecha - spring; esta - summer; peleti - autumn; iveri - winter
Year. zon - year / zondre - yearly; zon kastenei - leap-year; kasten - leap-day; cäma - holiday
Century. scadhora - century
Epoch. ciy - epoch, age; ül - ancient, classical; shoruan - medieval; tëdene - modern
Eternity. chiam - forever, eternity; prochiame - everlasting; rhezy - eternal; sankeshe - endless
Use of time. cairo - opportunity, chance; fuáy - repetition, instance; horora - timetable; tibec - rush; horteleo - clock
Earliness. tardeca - lateness / frue - early; cairete - timely; tarde - late; mora - delay; sitre - immediate, sudden
Length. lengát - length / lenge - long; breve - short; didha - time interval; fuáyul - a while, a short time; lengul - phase
Novelty. lebesa - newness / lebe - new; bome - old; sfëz - fresh; pronunete - temporary; rhopronunete - permanent
Age: 18. The life process
Adverbs of time: 61. Adverbs
Days of week, months of year: see the Grammar
For the civil and religious calendar, see The Kingdom of Verduria
Occurence. zhanen - occur, happen / sylelen - allow to happen; bozhan - fare; zasatel - project; cozhano - coincidence
Cause. shesan - cause (+ verb, noun)/ faitan - render, make (+ adj); celftenen - arrange
Effect. subrel - effect / imsuvan - affect; imprenan - concern, affect, embroil; imfayir - entail, lead inexorably to
Possibility. otinimashát - probability / rhoeshshane - impossible; rhovizhiäm - unlikely; eshshane - possible; otinimashe - probable; vizhul - to be expected; sënul - certain / ulasen - may, might
Chance. bosa - fortune, chance, luck; malbosa - bad luck; abzhanka - accident; malbundrul - habitually unlucky person; adhtävel - disaster; sangaënát - relief; reprieve
Begin. debút - beginning, debutan - begin (+ noun); imocan - start (+ verb)
Continue. dénuir - continue, persist
End. keshen - stop (+ noun); deshen - stop, quit (+ verb); teplenát - completion; urokeshen - finish (emphasis on process of finishing; often no complement); desüen - prevent
Repetition. onfassec - repeat; ombezhir - resume; fuáy - repetition; cedel - habit
Frequency. chustát - frequency / macrete - rare; rhochuste - infrequent; chuste - frequent; pacpace - regular; sanceloshe - constant; celoshshe - intermittent
Purpose. büt - goal, target; zhuca - function, role; ftena - plan; otibruhe - useful; rhozadete - pointless; agbüte - useless
Energy. dunea - energy; benda - work, power; pegeo - force
Effort. razheni - effort / eseyer - try, attempt; surdosen - take on, shoulder
Efficiency. probenda - efficiency / probendre - efficient; malbendre - inefficient
Difficulty. fasil - easy; rhofasil - difficult; lonyolë - challenge; sadëzhea - stress
Danger. väreca - danger / muyo - peril; cisci - risk; shustanë - deadly, fatal, dangerous
Ordeal. rocura - adventure; adferien - bear, stand; lanca - trials, tribulation; lür - woe; tralirec - endure, outlast
Safety. zhore - safe, secure
Compulsion. copuyan - force; shesan - make to do, make to be
Trial. sënan - test, try, verify
Success. abbosan - succeed; imprilen - accomplish; trastoshen - excel, outdo
Failure. eshuir - fail
Location
. pouzhe - location; chel - place; el - center; dör - outsideVerbs. zet tróuen be situated / barucir - lie, rest on; istrichec - protrude; mluzhir - loom, lurk; raspuyan - incline; redhunen - extend
Sides. cot - side / cos - left; dezh - right; fasad - front; dos - back; finta - top; fond - bottom; goly - face; surcot - top surface; syuer - outside surface; uer - outsides; kraita - insides
Directions. num - direction / er - south; tel - west; nan - north; sar - east
Relative height. altát - height / alte - high; base - low
Distance. retdimo - distance / pak - near; ret - far
Alignment. rhodedhëse - vertical; dhëse - horizontal; dedhëse - oblique; colënise - parallel; rhekise - perpendicular
Measurement: 7. Weights and measures
Size. dhol - size / bolyáshe - big; pidhë, pav - little; bombril - immense; mäzun - giant
Length. glinát - length / gliny - long; breve - short
Thickness. epesát - thickness / epese - thick; macre - thin
Width. larzhát - width / larzhe - wide; tesny - narrow
Depth. potát - depth / pote - deep; müguy - profound; erme - shallow
Height. hautát - height / haute - tall; breve - short
Area. redhunát - area / noróum - vast; cuda-dos - cramped / pote - square
Volume. dholdimo - volume; dholdimei - cubic
Extent. redhunát - extent; imretan, redhunen - extend
Amount. dimo - sum, amount; hicet - number / bolë - much; pav - little
Measurement of. merir - measure; podimo - rate; mecredimo - ratio; sybütë - accurate
Change in. mudhen - increase; muanen - reduce
Value terms. dimshuten - exceed; gimen - abound; toshte - sufficient, satisfactory; mancan - lack; siblir - fall short; bumushë - scarcity
Weight. pezy - weight / seshue - heavy; zhole - light / pezer - weigh
Solidity. chuzhát - rigidity / chuezhe - rigid; fëre - solid; terheme - firm, solid; dede - shaky; mense - loose; zetauve - flexible
Strength. zol - strength / zol - strong; cishitë - weak
See also 64. Quantifiers
Many of these measures are still, especially in the country, used quite informally: a carpenter used his own hand as a mano; an innkeeper calls the size of flagon he happens to own a dhuro. In the cities, governments have long attempted to enforce local standards; not only is contention reduced, but a lucrative source of fees and fines is generated.
| Linear | ||||
| eda | width of a scroll pen | .351 cm | .14 in | |
| mano | width of a hand | 24 edî | 8.42 cm | 3.3 in |
| chima | length of a man's stride | 9 manoi | .758 m | 2.5 ft |
| proma | a unit used in racing, navigation, etc. | 2 chimî | 1.516 m | 5.0 ft |
| cemisa | a thousand paces | 1000 chimî | 758 m | .47 mi |
| dhënshadu | one day's ride by horse | 60 cemisî | 45.48 km | 28 mi |
| Area | ||||
| barhura | used to measure cloth, rooms, etc. | 1 chima potë | .575 m2 | 6.2 ft2 |
| mechi | used to measure land | 1.136 ha | 2.8 acres | |
| Volume | ||||
| mika | 1/4 teaspoon | 1/2 miy | 3.358 ml | 0.7 tsp |
| miy | spoonful | 6.716 ml | 1.4 tsp | |
| verae | liqueur glass | 12 miî | 80.6 ml | 2.7 oz |
| dhuro | flagon | 5 veraî | .403 l | 14 oz |
| lazhna | wine-bottle | 10 veraî | .806 l | .21 gal |
| gemár | pitcher | 10 dhuroi | 4.03 l | 1.1 gal |
| luco | bushel | 9 gemárî | 36.27 l | 9.9 gal |
| bechka | barrel | 4 lucoi | 145.1 l | 38 gal |
| Weight | ||||
| ris | the weight of a grain | 60.71 mg | .94 grain | |
| hecur | two sheets of paper | 100 risî | 6.071 g | .21 oz |
| süro | a standard cut of cheese | 100 hecurî | .6071 kg | 1.3 lb |
| cucuri | for weighing men and animals | 10 süroi | 6.071 kg | 13 lb |
| pavona | cartload | 288 cucurî | 1750 kg | 1.9 ton |
Contents
Fullness. plen - fullness / plene - full; shazhy - empty; boczhene - crowded; sanzhene - vacant
Components. tor - part / cäsel - piece, scrap; caucel - bit, small piece; inteno - ingredient, element; mutai - division; torom - member, component (emphasis on subsidiary status); tranel - segment, division; tusel - splinter; zhusë - member (emphasis on unique role) / intoran - divide
Containers. bechka - barrel; beza - bucket; cleura - cage; dosmishu - backpack, knapsack; dhash - pocket; fako - box; grimosh - drawer; mishek - sack, bag, pack; mishu - large sack or bag; sista - chest, trunk; uzhal - jar; vlagishe - sheath; yonora - basket / isfarhimen - let loose
Food containers: 51. Utensils
Vehicles: 12. Movement
Pile. oshora - pile; tabo - lump; tesha - mess, pile
Sets. ora - collection, group; ptoc - member
Open and close. uvir - open; cüzir - close; beran - lock; deberan - unlock
Fill. immishen - pack; faitan plene - fill; farsir - stuff; poshosh - padding
Edges. bordë - rim; cas - corner; cot - side; rhay - edge, limit, brim; bukrare - infinite
Shape. bulse - round; cardhise - curved; doly - hollow; istrichec - protuberant; dhëse - flat; tabose - lumpy; imlëne - straight; lukul - bent
Plane figures. tiel - point; lën - line; rhek - cross; car - square; caro - diamond; dhincota - triangle; laun - circle; anelo - ring; cardha - curve
Solid figures. boc - cube; brub - block; dhezgorat - pyramid; pula - sphere; muatëpula - dome
Point-like. pilke - ball; chuca - spot, mark; nozu - knot; tabo - lump
Line-like. alb - beam; bastón - stick, pole; belaca - rod; fil - thread, wire; string; glindrel - cord, small rope, belt; prosh - staff; proshásh - pole; punyo - stick; rozhek - peg; rhoca - hook; terhua - post, stake
Band-like. bres - band, strip; bresul - ribbon; cëmura - column; hizhena - row
Plane-like. fëon - platform; nivo - level; stage
Covering. shecu - hulk; chesha - shell, skin; surosh - cover; bushosh - stopper
Defects. punsa - flaw / bos - wrinkle; chira - crack; bruge - twisty; kud - hole; luka - bend; chunanul - stain; roful - groove
Links. lëc - link; gechë - net, web; tsep - chain
Although Verdurian scientists have discovered the spectrum (onoale), they have not yet realized that all colors can be described as combinatons of hue, saturation, and luminosity. They still speak of colors on and off the spectrum, and of the darkness (fuzhulát) of colors (which may refer to either saturation or luminosity).
Hue. orale - color, hue / mushorale - polychromatic
Saturation. fuzhulát - darkness, density of color / fuzhul - dark; faliöl - light / defucan - fade
Spectrum colors. onoalei - on-spectrum / ruzhe - red; narnë - orange; flave - yellow; verde - green; azure - blue; tire - purple
Other colors. is onoalen - off-spectrum / fale - white; grise - gray; mlake - black; rhase - rose, pink; brune - brown; brunsus - umber; verdúran - deep green
Skin colors: The following table gives terms typically used for skin color and the Almean and (as closely as possible) terrestrial peoples who typically have that color. Note that religion, not skin color, is the typical basis of prejudice on Almea.
brune 'brown' Verdurians Arabs, mestizo Hispanics
gríshshue 'greyish' Dhekhnami, Monkhayu no close equivalent
rúzhzhue 'reddish' Westerners, Téllinorese Amerindians
chaise 'tea-colored' southerners, Eluyet Greeks, Italians
fale 'white' Xurnese, Skourenes Germans, Scandinavians
fuzhul 'dark' Nanese, Moreo Ashcaian Africans
azhurshue 'bluish' Uytainese no close equivalent; a dark olive color
Hair colors. Among Verdurians, hair colors range from a dark brown (yonte 'toast-colored') to black (mlake); or of course fale 'white' in old age. Westerners and southerners are often chasne 'chestnut' or rose 'red-haired', there are also in-between shades like rosbrune 'auburn', roscashne 'maroon'; while many Xurnese and other far-southerners are lenocse 'blond'. Uytainese and Nanese have hair of a glossy black texture, called mlakon 'coal.
Push. puyan - push / nozhen - squeeze; nozhulen - pinch; geshan - crush
Hold. curec - hold / dëzhen - tug; griman - pull
Put. metan - put / imbarucir - lay down, set down, put; immetan - stick; imborden - frame; symetan - juxtapose
Arrange. imchelan - arrange; imlëdan - straighten, arrange; immezinen - set in order, clean up; acodhir - separate, sequester
Disarrange. dechelan - displace; delenden - disorder, disarrange, scramble; teshe - disordered, messy; berhe - sloppy; celchelan - switch, replace; ulgash - chaos
Order. mezinen - set in order; izhlädan - precede; suvan - follow / sazhise - subsequent
Search. ishan - search; tellen - seek; tróuen - find; ishshelec - lose; pertróuen - discover
Deform. lukan - bend; dshiren - rip; piser - fold; depiser - unfold; shciir - tear, rip
Break. brisir - break; cäcian - break off; brisete - fragile
Cut. tranen - cut / cäcian - chop; detranen - cut off, sever; findan - split
Pierce. prozen - pierce; shninan - prick
Dig. imsusan, indolir - dig; impochen - bury / tobban - tunnel
Wrap. incruyan - wind, coil, wrap; imbresen - wrap, bandage
Unwrap. ischeshen - peel, shell, strip; issirec - unroll
Throw. gechir - throw / fezhir - hurl, hurtle; lechir - fling; arhelir - pelt
Use. bruhan - use / izhmetan - prepare; maubruhan - abuse
Renew. imleben - renew, renovate
Copy. plican - copy
Destroy. mautruir - destroy / gasfir - waste; gashir - ruin
Mutual relation. bretir - suspend, hang; cumprenan - include; forhan - hang; ferien - bear; raspuyan - lean, incline; situran - surround; traforhan - overhang
Unite. imanen - unite; abnozir - attach; cometan - join, sew; dechir - bind, restrain; meclir - mix; oligec - tie, fasten, link; surmetan - add; nozu - knot
Disunite. azhprenan - remove; deuligec - untie, unfasten
Stick together. glichir - stick together, glue; cruy - tight; mense - loose; glishy - sticky
Departure. lädan - go / azhfäsir - forego, leave; defasadir - set out from; delädan - depart; enalir - go away; fäsir - leave, abandon; isuven - go out, leave; fasadir - advance; dosadan - retreat
Path. evede - course, route; ban - way, passage; berda - path, trail
Roads: 48. City
Guidance. proven - guide; numonten - direct, give directions; zet ishshelec - lose one's way
Arrival. zhanen - come / appakan - approach; adzhanen - arrive; attróuen - reach, attain; voitec - enter, enter into
Stop. keshen - stop, halt / keshashden - pause; keshnáe - camp
Lack of movement. nozhuven - stay, remain; hotonen - stay at or with
Return. onzhanen - return; dosadan - turn back
Source. perzhano - source, place of origin; usoter - spread
Destination. bankesha - destination; numontu - address
Relative motion. prezuir - pass; rhekan - cross; siblir - miss; suvan - follow; azhbezhir - withdraw p>Restraint. urhanel - limitation, restraint
Pursuit. prosuvan - pursue, chase; atäpan - catch
Escape. ishisir - escape / isvarëcan - rescue; spasian - save, rescue; derhaner - unleash
Rotations. orivan - turn / dosadan - turn around; foraven - swing; iripan - turn upside-down; royir - spin; siireo - roll; launiven - rotate; brugiven - twist
Vibration. fifir - flutter, flap; friser - shake, shudder, tremble; mener - wiggle; dede - shaky
Speed. ruk - speed / chachë - slow; sfute - quick; rurhy - fast / tibec - rush, hurry; härer - dawdle, slow
Ascent. irlädan - climb / lialan - rise; sevan, lialuan - raise
Descent. hiplädan - descend, climb down / tombir - fall, drop; valitan - tumble, be knocked down
Jumping. soter - jump / tocan - bounce; surpochen - land
Walking. prosan - walk / cumprosan - parade, march; prosiec - stroll, promenade; prosulan - pace; tomprosan - march; vezhaen - run
Other types of motion. bedorcan - stumble; clas - swing; crusan - stretch; glisir - slide; nuotan - swim; rappan- crawl; isecaiven - flee; sisir - slip; siturian - circle; trazhen - drag; urulan - slink; yenevan - squirm
Vehicles. pavona - wagon, car; pavonora - train, caravan; glispava - sled; shadosh - carriage; tracca - cart, wheelbarrow
Boats. 17. Water
Carry. nasitan - carry / accesten - deliver; adezhen - fetch; ametan - bring; deliver; färan - ferry / naschura - burden, freight; nasitel - cargo
Take. prenan - take / azhprenan - take away; carpuan - snatch; colir - gather, receive; curizec - grasp; deprenan - remove, steal; ingriman - draw, receive; irzovec - win, gain; lazhec - get, acquire, obtain / otitene - available
Discard. leman - get rid of / azhmetulî - garbage; lemäm - scrap
Possession. tenec - have
Ownership: 44. Law
Give back. ondan - return, replace; onlazhec - regain, get back
Send for. desider - order; voyir - send; izhdesider - reserve
Mezinë describes the world as ordered by the gods, similar to the Greek cosmos, what is arranged. And so Dimo and so Fsë simply conjure up the enormous, miscellaneous collection of things that are.
Everything. prilora - reality; mezinë - Divine Order; priroda - nature; prirode - natural; so Dimo, so Fsë the Cosmos; naurondise - global, universal
Verdurians carve up the astronomical phenomena according to strictly visual criteria. Thus points of light are curulî; unless they move, in which case they are dunalálî; objects with a visible disk are called syelaunî. It seems perfectly reasonable to a Verdurian to call a comet a dunalál and to call Ënomai, the sun, a syelaun like the moons.
For more on Almea's solar system, see The system
The sky. syel - sky / syele - celestial; altásh - zenith; akaltásh - nadir; kascia - eclipse
Stars. curulë - star (fixed point of light) / lialan - rise; zaker - set; curulëra - constellation; obela - nebula
Planets. dunalál - planet (moving point of light) / Hírumor (Kírumor), Ishire, Vlerëi, Caiem - planets; dunalál tshurec - comet; syelchaska - meteor
Moons. syelaun - moon (moving disk of light) / Ënomai - Almea's sun; Iliazhë, Iliacásh, Naunai - Almea's moons
Almea. Almea - Almea, the world; hipsyele - earthly
Ground. pocha - ground, surface of earth; hippocha - underground; sfelunca - cavern; parnahireo - earthquake
Plains. etald - plain / irenzha - savannah, veldt; sablia - desert; lutuli - meadow
Forests. silva - forest / güsce - jungle; leusia - marsh; dharimac - wilderness
Hills and mountains. cima - hill, parna - mountain / kent - plateau; mëriparna - volcano; parnora, rilë - mountain range / cruy - steep
Valley. dolina - valley / corzhe - canyon; falez - cliff; mügu - abyss; rof - ditch
Rivers. selë - river / boruna - torrent; fana, yore - stream, brook; fanka - brooklet; gué - ford; meban - channel; suetlen - meander; surselne - riverine; boemo - riverbank; sezuë - spring, source; imchor - confluence; nagana - delta; zolmey - rapids
Seas. zëi - sea / etani - lake; etama - pond; gerak - strait; shutea - puddle; tas - bay / zëte - marine
Sea-girdled land. bordë - coast; surbordne - coastal; hundochi - peninsula; müsa - cape; nezi - island; neziora - archipelago; strana - beach
See also 16. Substances
Temperature. calo - heat / froe - cold; anizhe - cool, chilly; toshe - warm; cal - hot / immorzen - freeze
Conditions. belfassec - be fair; brum - fog; gläca - puddle; grel - hail; füzer - mist; neyzhe - snow; nush - frost; obleme - cloudy; pluy - rain; pluyshel - shower; pluyeshui - drought
Storms. orazh - storm / ádhorazh - hurricane, tornado; nezhura - snowstorm, blizzard / mólnia - lightning; grom - thunder; onoale - rainbow
Objects. obika - cloud; dhac - wind; tuli - breeze
Seasons. zontor - season / demecha - spring; esta - summer; peleti - fall; iveri - winter
| ur | clay | men | practicality |
| për | rock | elcarî | determination |
| mey | water | iliî | benevolence |
| endi | wood | pizî or icëlanî | delicacy |
| gent | metal | gdeonî (giants) | calm |
| tshur | fire | ktuvokî (demons) | energy |
| shalea | air | vyozhî (spirits) | intellectuality |
Substance. ftacon - element (type of substance), essence; eléaku - substance (subcategory), material, composition; beh - spirit, distillation; deyon - matter (as opposed to energy or spirit); deyodimo - mass; shoz - stuff; bidracon - atom (smallest unit you can have of a substance)
CLAY. ur - clay
Clays proper. binges alumina
For building. ladriyo - brick; sevúr - mortar / chana - pot; ledli - porcelain; përmáco - cement; sesüza - glaze; dhëska - tile; dhësura - paving; sisna - gravel; sisna përmácula - concrete
Ashes. kef - ashes / fulyo - soot; kef lezüny - sodium carbonate (soda ash); kef steklei - potassium carbonate (potash)
Crusts. rhecuam - crust / teb - rust; civru verdul verdigris; përnápa - saltpetre
Powders. prak - powder / sably - sand; steklo - glass; hasifa - sulphur; puil - dust; krhumprak - black powder, gunpowder; ricorek - talc; yeshore - kohl; rhoga - gypsum
Calxes. chuél - calx / creza, tshurprak - lime; chuél camside - arsenic trioxide (white arsenic); chuél choshave - mercuric oxide; chuél mlakonei - coke; chuél plomei - white lead; erüzula ogudula - lead oxide
Salts. sel - salt (esp. sodium chloride) / sel imelirec - smelling salts; sel Mirashcarei - Epsom salts; sel sheveië - sal ammoniac; sel vinnape - cream of tartar; selembre - natron; selkare - borax; (sel) elcarin - iron sulphate (blue vitriol); verde (sel) elcarin - copper sulphate; brunarë - alum
Earths. sus - soil, earth / chusë - mud; leut - slime; përshruma - bitumen, coal tar; sëm - tar; shruma - pitch; gitlesheli - phosphorus; fale brisgent - bismuth oxide
ROCK. për - rock / dhumë - stone; përs - rocky
Minerals. camsida - arsenic trisulphide (orpiment); crezapër - limestone, chalk; crifpër, mole plom - graphite; crifpër Benécë - molybdenum disulphide; erüza - cinnabar); evranka - arsenic disulphide (realgar); fladhomë - slate; grisruda - pyrite; mira plomei - galena (lead sulphide); mlakon - coal; mlakon brisgentei - bismuth sulphide; mlakon yeshorei - antimony trisulphide (grey antimony); murca - magnet; pattea - zinc carbonate (calamine); plom pushul, erüzula - lead oxide (litharge); porute - marble; ricora - soapstone; rhena - flint; samplom - zinc sulphide (blende, sphalerite); shushchat mlakon - charcoal; stampër - tinstone
Gems. zhoya - jewel / azurda - sapphire; seslina - turquoise; berole - malachite (copper ore); camsidole - arsenic; crato - ruby; dadhusha - jade; iluti - quartz; lazar - lapis lazuli; lökol - manganese dioxide; moshtol - feldspar; retparna - amethyst; rinde - emerald; tánulac - zircon; tsísia - diamond; yatar - amber
Mining. eucarana - mine
METAL. gent - metal
ruda - ore / arzhent - silver; brisgent - bismuth; civru - copper; choshava - mercury; elnamë - platinum; emur - silver/tin alloy ; gent meiladei - cobalt; gent meuciborei - nickel; gent samplomei - zinc; gent yeshorei - antimony; kol - iron; kolë - steel; laitón - brass; meilad - cobaltite; meucibor - niccolite; orh - gold; plom - lead; plomul - pewter; selon - bronze; stan - tin; zhuranami - wolframVerbs. uter - refine; orhfäben - gild
FIRE. tshur - fire / chaska - spark; nizh - smoke; ogón - flame; push - puff
Verbs. tshuran - burn; fozhir - blaze; tshurulen - scorch
Electricity. syametát - electricity
AIR. shalea - air
Special terms. scaleia - gas; nüt - scum, foam; puza - bubble; cipulan - effervesce
Airs. shalea cipulátei - carbon dioxide; shalea michii - ammonia; zhivë shalea - oxygen; fäsula shalea '- nitrogen
WOOD. endi - wood
Organic materials. cauchuco - rubber; chuzhec - starch; dónia - wax; glitosh - glue; azipa - fat; maflosh - mafla opium; mey vezhë - sap; napa - dregs; sabun - soap; sima - resin; simula - varnish; stäv - straw; suf - cork; tshurprak - lime; genrhe - lacquer; zhezhoil - gelatine
Liquids. méyshue - liquid / beh michii - acqueous ammonia; beh elcarinei - sulphuric acid ; beh selei - hydrochloric acid; crezheca choshava - mercuric chloride; cüe Kare - petroleum; kefmey - lye; mashre mey - nitric acid; shobóst - brine; tos - dew; vimbeh - alcohol
Wetness. sesue - wet; sesul - moist; seshe - dry
Change of state. cipan - boil; duhe - steam; impitir - absorb; plavec - melt; ryot - ice; meplavec - dissolve; meplavë - solvent; meplavul - solute
Movement of water. choran - flow; klushan - splash; kopan - drip; lüvrec - run; sezir - pour, gush; ishshor - outlet; meban - channel; mena - wave; mebrugë - whirlpool; trochoran - overflow
Movement in water. nuotan - swim; sahiran - float; tramëzhen - dive; mëzhen - immerse, sink; noyer - drown; hiprhaner - soak
Cleanness. dhaule - clean / lavan - wash, clean; dessuan - wipe
Dirtiness. salë - dirty; veche - filthy, foul; veteme - nasty, smelly / veter - pollute
Pouring. leurec - draw off, pour; livan - pour; shuten - spill
Directing water. mepuyosh - pump; agban - dam; mebanul - gutter
Boats. lotka - boat / calnnavira - warship; dhëslota - barge; farlota - ferryboat; murna - dinghy; navira - ship; radhi - punt; remlotka - rowboat; cora - river trader; corona - military riverboat; tveremora - galleon; ftoremora - galley; peremora - small galley / culisa - fleet
Verbs. iripan - capsize; remir - row; duisir - steer; scafir - dock; traborden - (dis)embark
Parts. penda - stern; teba - bow; alb - mast; chinzheda - anchor; chirnu - deck; dus - rudder; nasinnáe - hold; orivosh - tiller; fel - sail; rem - oar; rheba - keel
Rivers and seas: 14. Nature
In Cadhinorian thought there are four ages (didhî) or stages of life: pidhát infancy; imfatë childhood; nacuy adulthood; and bosmeca senility. The transition to childhood is learning to speak; that to adulthood is the nacuy and redel ceremonies at puberty; bosmeca is marked by the loss of physical, mental, or temporal power.
Age. zonhicet - age / sulete - young; bome - old / zonir - age
Birth. nes - birth; midei - station in life; nesan - be born; neschena - birth ceremony; pidha infant
See also 40. Marriage; 41. Sex
Growth. creshir - grow (intr.); increshir - grow (tr.), make larger; nurir - develop; ikabe - stunted / imfát child
Maturity. nacuy - adulthood, maturity; nacuyád - manhood ceremony; redel - womanhood ceremony; plenuestu - adult; zonul - mature, grown up
Death. shushchan - die / bosme senile; noyer - drown; kekan - kill; impochen - bury; urokesha - grave; ferica - funeral; fant - ghost, phantom; rhozhive - dead (formal term); shustana - death (poetic), fate-appointed time of death; zetkekát - suicide
Killing: 37. Conflict
Corruption. cishuran - decay; frirec - crumble; mochir - rot; ocdurnen - deteriorate
Dasco is the general term for animal; sfer 'beast' excludes lesüasî, the intelligent beings. Note that the earthly opposition between 'man' and 'animal' is more complicated on Almea, where there are multiple intelligent races, not even belonging (by scientific standards) to the same genus. Most Almeans also believe in spiritual, non-divine beings which are rational, but cannot be considered animals; see 55, Religion.
Mammals. shomulo - mammal (excludes man)
Cats. ailuro - cat, fitrau - tomcat, koshka - female cat
Dogs. cuon - dog, rhes - male dog, betra - bitch
Horses. shual - horse, giuro - stallion, zhumeta - mare; rozhual - unicorn
Cows. boua - cow, bouan - bull, sbayu - calf; uol - ox, bison
Other Farm. dasco imutorul - domesticated animal / shucha - pig, verat - boar, truzha - sow; kapro - goat, koza - kid; mot - sheep, arni - lamb; osol - donkey
Predators. yagcrezhec - hunting animal / bardinó - coyote; barsúc - badger; chucul - leopard, panther; daush - tiger; dhise - bat; gurë - lion; lef - wolf; lupek - fox; obly - wild boar
Prey. sferul - small herbivore / egusfer - hedgehog, porcupine; gut - rat; köti - squirrel; lapis - rabbit; marsho - beaver; mesocrico - hamster, guinea pig; rislitno - rodent; suri - mouse; top - mole
Large. arkosha - tree cat, monkey; chiron - elephant; dhanvena - llama; gudun - antelope, gnu; kenek - camel; losu - moose, elk; nucha - seal; selëzëchu - hippopotamus; shipom - merman (sea monkey); urs - bear; ven - deer, gazelle; zëboua - walrus, manatee
Birds. uazo - bird / cececén - type of songbird; cirut - type of songbird; coec - crow, raven; cunya - swan; däri - seagull; falëpëzha - dove; fose - crane; hupibu - great tufted owl; ibu - owl; möca - sparrow; örn - eagle; fëzha, salyuazo - pigeon; rhurc - vulture; silui - type of songbird; sokol - falcon, hawk; tutua - parrot, toucan; yacura - partridge; zhirén - ibis / uazora - flock
Poultry. huyon - chicken, petúk - rooster, curka - hen; gäs - goose; ensheyne - duck; mémia - turkey / clachir - hatch
Fish. pazh - fish / akula - shark; anguia - eel; irzina - leech; morea - tuna;nodhony - salmon; seloda - herring; suesbrak - octopus; tizhapazh - catfish; vuchemu - flounder; colep, pache, lomo, cradh - types of fish
Insects. sezhlór - insect (including arachnid) / arasni - spider; arbek - locust; cicil - cricket; cusil - tick; chedesnaga - centipede; formica - ant; letusca - butterfly; mëlë - bee; molya - moth; musca - fly; pkekpe - mosquito; pusa - flea; rakan - cockroach; sotok - grasshopper
Reptiles etc. rappec - reptile (including other animals listed) / cäh - lizard; treka - turtle; domlim - snail; drac - dragon; estecäh - alligator; gambra - sea turtle; increzhosh - parasite; lim - slug; omár - lobster, crayfish; rak - crab; rana - frog; sidhdhi - serpent, snake; sravec - shellfish; yenev - worm / bumecho - pearl
Intelligent races. lesüas - rational being; dhuncrur - biped / elcar - dwarf, elcar; fleád - flaid; gdeon - giant; hupa - halfling; icëlan - icëlan; iliu - iliu; ktuvóc - ktuvoc, demon; múrtany - murtany; uestu - human
Man. uestu - man / sefo - boy; bubo - lad, lout
Woman. redelcë - woman / zhina - girl; medhina - tomboy; frälina - young woman
See also 41. Sex
Child. imfát - child / pidha - baby; see also 40. Family
On Almea's intelligent species, see also The descent of lesüasi
Monsters, mythical beasts. dhëfku - monster / shualom - centaur; ebdu - troll; fsizhemna, ftorlädec - doppelganger; ftacu - elemental; kushak - ogre; levuestu - werewolf; nise - gnome; piza, niza - pixie; ubir - vampire; uestuosh - homunculus, golem, android; uya - sprite; zëoshu - sea monster
Coverings. chesha - shell, skin; shomë - fur; chésula - scale; iëzhu - feather; srava - seashell
Parts. chironduri - tusk; goly - muzzle; köh - tail; ozhra - wing; rog - horn; püna - fin; sena - beak, bill; shaute - hide; undásh - claw; unyaga - hoof; zhuba - mane, crest
see also 21. The body
Activities. letan - fly; melürec - pollinate; nid - nest, lair, hive; trunir - swarm; trädan - graze
Noises. bruhu - trumpet (elephant); cici - chirp; coe - caw; cuéh - quack; cucurú - crow; ehehe - neigh; miu - miaow; mü - moo; muzho - roar; nidip - croak; rhaf - bark; rhun - grunt; rhur - growl; sui - squeak; süs - hiss; uhu - hoot; zuz - buzz
Products. chironduri ivory; dónia - wax; dhan - wool; süro - cheese; huvon - egg; korhu - leather; leme - milk; melosh - honey; posha - goosedown; risdosh - manure; seta - silk
Horsy terms. shadan - ride; sëdil - saddle, sresho - stirrup; rhanosh - reins; surshual - harness; drote - gee! shadosh - carriage; shualnáe - stable; zashadan - mount; dechiplan - dismount; ruizer - trot; vezhaen - gallop
Exploitation. deëzhan - pluck; dresir - train; ihtüan - fish; imutoran - tame; ispolnir - skin; motana - sheepfold; uco - herd; yagen - hunt; surmetan - load; demetan - unload; suvizan - stalk; dugel - lure, bait
vezhi - plant / balam - edible plant; shari - weed
Verbs. impochen - plant; iortan - flower; zhortir - sprout; risdan - fertilize
Parts. brasc - pollen; cäli - stalk; cälul - stem; chesura - bark; chunido - acorn; endi - wood; föy - leaf; hupo - tuft; lëpa - petal; ris - seed; rhizo - root; scorso - branch; scorsok - stick, twig; socima - thorn; susurk - stump; teho - trunk; urk - log; yeka - bud / donta - cell
Trees. arb - tree / asën - maple; bice - fir; blanarb - palm; chizha - cactus; chun - oak; churarb - pear tree; fikarb - fig tree; luomarb - apple tree; sasna - pine; scila, arbul - shrub; sicharb - lemon tree; suf - cork oak; uran - birch
Flowers. zhorta - flower / faliorta - daisy; mafla - blue flower yielding an opiate; puyota - carnation; rhas - rose; tashiorta - tulip; tirura - lilac; chorizhina, nölne, pizufëa, utrosheli, vidhra - types of flower
Small plants. brura - heather; cuplia, panföy - hemp, marijuana; edra - ivy; fiy - fern; forno - hay; kena - reed; lácati - cotton; lan - flax; mokan - hallucinogen; palanu - gorse; susrevolu - moss; trava - grass; tref - clover; tuyoshari - tobacco; usiro - Cuzeian maid's-herb
Mold. mico - mold; mochi - rot, mold
Organic substances: 16. Substances
Edible plants are listed under 24. Food
Head. bem - head / orel - ear
Hair. shevei - hair / irevolu - mustache; revolu - beard; tizhai - whisker; sadhil - unkempt; tasul - braid
Face. ufëa - face / suryi - forehead; siüli - eyebrow; yë - eye; pili - eyelash; olf - nose; olfkud - nostril; vánë - cheek; lukona - chin
Mouth. bush - mouth / leve - lip; labi - tongue; duri - tooth; mahia - jaw; disna - gum
Arms. brak - arm / hipbrak - armpit; imsemizi - inner arm; dörsemizi - outer arm; cuda - elbow; semizi - forearm; ilura - wrist
Hand. mano - hand / cálima - knuckle; chedho - palm; dochi - finger; dotoni - thumb; unë - fingernail; clek - fist
Trunk. teho - trunk / sheya - neck; gorzhi - throat; mira vué - larynx; rhuzi - chest, bosom; sullimura - chest above breasts; limura, slang gara - breast; cellimura - cleavage; tet - nipple; tetásh - aureole; taleo - waist; ombrili - navel; magen - stomach, midriff; ventra, brurho - belly
Back. dos - back / epöl - shoulder; crurhizo - buttock; kadul - ass; baskud, (obscene) forë - anus
Loins. anca - hip; dhasc - bladder; golë, dhincota - groin; bashshevey - pubic hair; frond, gob - penis; gamerka - testicle; shagati, vlagishe - vagina; baslevi - vulva; odhi - clitoris
see also 41. SEX
Organs. zhusë - organ / auva - womb; brurho - gut; hepato - liver; magen - stomach; merok - brain; plasy - nerve; poln - skin; pulmon - lung; rhim - kidney; rhusi - muscle; uem - heart; torensa - blood vessel
Skeleton. hostora - skeleton; host - bone / bembula - skull; cheya - rib; rheba - spine; luka - joint
Legs. crur - leg / riasni - thigh; imriasni - inner thigh; döriasni - outer thigh; yolo - knee; deryolo - back of knee; colo - calf; sheva - ankle
Feet. naga - foot / cauco - heel; hipnaga - sole; orto - toe / chimora - footprints
Things the body does
Facial expressions
Mouth. baba - open-mouthed; bäbec - yawn; chamzan - bite; kusizan - chew; chihan - sneeze; dhudhir - drool; gagan - choke; bakatir - vomit; glutir - swallow; hüan - sigh; husten - cough; imbrurhen - devour; ktüec - suck; leurec - sip; ridir - laugh; rharkan - spit; rhorhuir - gargle; siblir - whistle; tezhec - lick; tuyec - smoke; zaridir - burst out laughing
Hand. kazec - point; manachir - gesture; skichir - clench; bashan - slap, spank
Other parts. imora - digestion; choran - cry; fsetec - fart; lacrir - tear up, cry; mittir - urinate; pilachir - blink; suzir - sweat; shalean - breathe; zachoran - burst into tears
Whole body. ásuir - sit; barucir - lie down; lätan - compete; nuotan - swim; prosan - walk; teker - stand; vezhaen - run
see also 12. Movement
Relaxation. dormir - sleep; dodoir - nap; echitan - wake; nuven - go to bed; son - dream; proshalean - rest; shenan - relax; ; srhonker - snore
Body care. cesuan - scratch; fifachir - groom; fäbrau - cosmetics, makeup; innülen - curl (tr.), nülen - curl; galen - bathe; razir - shave
Caresses. imbrakir - embrace; labir - (colloq.) kiss; levatir - kiss; manoren - caress; paluen - fondle; saldhir - feel; zhiren - hug
see also 41. Sex
Hunger. fsurë - hungry; fsurshushchan - starve; imbruse - famished, ravenous; fsurona - famine vulcrezhno - appetite
Thirst. sizy - thirsty
Fatigue. lase - tired; vuldorme - sleepy
Intoxication. oshte, söl - drunk; dhare - sober; molir - get high; molul, zhuzhu - high
Descriptions. azifse - fat; dautë - one-eyed; ikabe - stunted; lisy - bald; nültene - curly
Height, size, etc.: see 6. Extent
Substances. azipa - fat; chuza - shit; gleuma - mucus; glöma - snot; krof - blood; host - bone; lacri - tear; michy, zhizhyo - urine; myaso - flesh; risora - semen; rhark - spit, saliva; sud - sweat; zhonkrof - menstrual blood
To the Verdurians there are six senses: what we consider one sense, touch, they divide in two. As one savant explains it: "Trogulo gives us intimate and accurate perception of those objects in direct contact with our skin; saldhia, a vaguer sense of our surroundings as a whole." We could call saldhia what can be learned from the air; a Verdurian would agree with this formulation, but would maintain that the body receives impressions from all the air in its vicinity, not merely that in immediate contact with the skin-- how else (he would argue) can one tell exactly where in the room is a fire burning? In addition to temperature and humidity, Verdurians are likely to say they can saldhir the unhealthiness of a swamp, the freshness of a fountain, the tension before a storm, and even others' emotional states.
Indirect touch. saldhir - sense remotely or through the air
Temperature. calo - heat / froe - cold; anizhe - cool, chilly; toshe - warm; cal - hot
Air quality. calseshue - humid; calzhole - dry; sfëz - fresh
Touch
Hardness. duresa - hardness / dur - hard; mole - soft / induran - harden
Sharpness. chisiát - sharpness / chisy - sharp; möl - blunt / imchisir - sharpen
Roughness. femát - roughness / feme - rough; lisy - barren, smooth; sisy - slippery; dhul - smooth / indhulan - smooth; imsisir - polish
Hearing. acinec - listen to, hear (people, stories); slushir - hear (sounds); oir - listen (to sounds); yari - sound
Loudness. fortesa - loudness / forte - loud; dhonde - quiet; rhoforte - soft; misuril - silent
Sounds. glonyec - ring; kabakaba - noise; keyen - knock; klushan - splash; kumpen - stamp; kumpulen - tap; peshan - crash; pishan - smash; scescan - rattle; tom - thump
Animal noises: see 19. Animals
Speech: see 58. Speech
Smell. flaner - smell; chümse - malodorous; dushe - aromatic; dushic - perfume
Sight. leilát - sight; lelen - see
Light. selta - light / iluvan - shine; suriluvan - illuminate
Darkness. shoru - darkness / imshoruan - darken; shoruan - dark; umbra - shadow
Observation
See also 26. Leria (Understanding)
Brightness. claesa - brightness / claë - bright; ëclaë - glaring; iluve - shiny
Visibility. lele - visible; cellele - transparent; rholele - invisible; salele - clear
Appearance. shaynesa - appearance / imlelen - appear; ishshalean - vanish; islelen - disappear
Quality. sfesher - flash; tsisir - glitter
Taste. gustan - taste; imbushan - savor
Quality. bogaty - delicious; egre - sour; embre - bitter; imbushäm - savory; mishkichy - tasty, yummy; sambushe - tasteless, bland; selse - salty; sfechy - spicy; tsesse - sugary, sweet
Deficiencies. deyeen - to blind; samlele - blind; dautë - one-eyed; samslushe - deaf; rhom - lame
Illness. malád - illness; malse - ill, sick; mön - sick, diseased; morge - morbid, unhealthy; morgarda - agony
Disease. mönát - disease, disorder / agasarda - cholera; cuteio - stroke; chüma - plague; dicenarda - scurvy; falilant - anemia; gutia - epilepsy; gascia, ishshelsira - leprosy; kiscarda - impotence; lüvrug - diarrhea; magnotibri - nausea; malbema - headache; malionile - venereal disease; malgiveca - sleeping sickness; malmagen - stomach-ache; pulmonarda - tuberculosis; rhum - cold; tucet - pox; tugeca - arthritis; zëimalát - seasickness
Condition. zendonec - condition, indication / azurek - bruise; bufauhe - paralysis; caesia - rash; calura - fever; chivi - pain; durok - wart; gararda - swelling; garka - blister; puyok - pimple; pavdormi - insomnia; roheica - sprain, cramp; vazhi - wound
Doctor. lekaro - physician, doctor; maladnáe - hospital; chümána - leprosarium, plague hospital; lainec - patient
Treatment. lëka - drug; huvima - pill; onzhiven - cure; erénica - purge; porocesen - massage; trancát - surgery / bres - bandage / málemel - symptom
Drinks. caua - coffee; chai - tea; leme - milk; mey - water; suco - juice
Beer. sherë - beer / depiran - brew; firan - ferment; peza - hops / dhula sherë ale; flavë sherë - lager; fuzhula sherë -bitter
Wine. vin - wine / uzina - sweet white wine; orhpitë - strong white wine; rhasia - rosé; cleir - medium red wine; luyshor - heavy red wine; ruzbidesh - cider; zhöh - mead / vincole - wine-lover; vinom - winegrower; vinzihe - grape; bindo - vine
Distillation. kopuren - distill; kopurul - distilled drink; izhprando - cocktail
Food. nurzha - food / crezhen - eat; crocan - gorge, pig out; mur - ripe; oticrezhe - edible; samnurzha - fast; veneno - poison
Animal products
Berries. zihe - berry / erél - cranberry; embrezihe - raspberry; fraga - strawberry; chinzik - gooseberry; mirtë - blueberry; sezhzihe - raisin; vinzihe - grape; visha - cherry
Fruit. koup - fruit / blan - date; ciröla - plum; chura - pear; dinya - melon; fik - fig; luom - apple; narnë - orange; nedizi - banana; precásh - peach; precok - apricot; sicho - lemon; sicho shurë grapefruit; sicho verde lime / cöd - pit, kernel
Grains. ris - grain / avena - oats; griu - wheat; horzhe - barley; maíz - corn; segly - rye; ton - rice
Grain products. avenura - porridge; brasho - flour; culanul - pastry, torte; keks - cracker; maco - dough, pasta; shulya - noodle; onrälul - biscuit; yon - bread; yonka - roll; yonog - toast; zer - flatcake
Meat. myaso - meat / shank - ham; shuchmyaso - pork; boumyaso - beef; domyaso - bacon; huyomyaso - chicken meat; milka - sausage; motmyaso - mutton; myassose - gravy; myasulo - meatball; sbayumyaso - veal; sezu - dried meat; venmyaso - venison; cumetu - seafood salad / myasom - butcher
Nuts. nüs - nut / cashna - chestnut
Spices. sfeto - spice / alyo - garlic; botsa - vanilla; cebo - onion; dizhón - mustard; draba - horseradish; ind - pepper; kyodo - clove; merha - oregano; poro - green onion, scallion; sel - salt; vinembre - vinegar; zerhash - herb
Substances. cüe - oil; chuzhec - starch; azipa - fat; maslo - butter; slifi - cream; zhezho - jelly; zhezhoil - gelatine
Sweets. dheletá - dessert / chechu - candy; leme bulondula - custard; marmo - pudding; melosh - honey; yon munizul - cake; rüdile - flavored shaved ice; tsesi - sugar, sugarcane; shekshek - cacao, chocolate
Vegetables. arico - long bean; cälî asparagus; eliá - olive; fazholo - round bean; fësil - parsley; fron - a type of long, thick mushroom; grak - chickpea; grakok - pea; grib - mushroom; grurha - turnip; lëtiy - lentil; masloföy - lettuce; morut - carrot; ogorék - cucumber; susluoma - potato; shou - cabbage; shouzhorta - cauliflower
Preparation. rälan - cook / azipdan - grease, dip in fat; bulondir - bake; cäcian - chop; cipan - boil; isfölen - peel; ogudir - roast, broil; porocan - knead; surogonec - fry; shobosec - pickle; tranen - cut; zerhashan - season; zhuydoni - recipe
Preparations. celzer - sandwich; föî - salad; huvon pisul - omelette; legua - soup; shaune - broth; rhitchena - pie; suco - juice; sucón - sauce; zëdenei - stew
See also 51. Utensils
Meal. chena - meal / cédhue - feast; elchena - lunch; izhprandora - cocktail party; perchena - breakfast; prando - dinner; zury - supper
Restaurants. lesteo - restaurant / rälom - cook; redh - waiter; desider - order
Undress. dabilen - undress; deuveren - take off; isfolen - strip
Nudity. polne - nude (emphasis on showing skin); samuvere - unclothed
Whole body. uverë - clothes / kyole - dress; lapiskusku - bunny suit; pauto - coat; pelerin - cape; plupauto - raincoat; sutana - robe / uverát - tailoring, fashion
Accessories. bretel - suspender; detosh - buckle; dhash - pocket; gintro - sash; puyok - button; kunnasitosh - purse; odaivun - tie, cravat; sinmano - glove; siteza - loop, fastener; siturosh - belt; surorel - earring; shircilura - bracelet
Head. kazhgouka - veil; süpa - cap; shapa - hat; tiplüba - wig
Neck. sheyosh - collar; shircsheya - necklace; toshsheya - scarf
Chest. brakosh - sleeve; dhampauto - sweater; hend - shirt; hendana - blouse; limurbres, bres - cloth to bind or support breasts; sambrake - vest-coat; nuvenda - nightgown
Dresses exposing: sullimura - area above breasts; cellimura - area between breasts; hiplimura - all of breasts; magena - midriff
Legs. bröca - trousers, pants; lanika - underwear; nilne - skirt; shircanca - loincloth
Foot. calseo - shoe / kumpa - boot; shevesca - long stockings; sheveza - sock, low stockings; tacil - sandal/ samcalseë - barefoot
Material. dhalashteca - elegance
Material. eléaku - cloth / cuplana - canvas; dhan - wool; dhaneme - velvet; korhu - leather; lácati - cotton; lanë - linen; seta - silk; shomë - fur; zhusni - lace
Fabrication. testasan - weave; pleschen - spin; huven - dye
Laundry. falen - launder; falis - laundry
The righteous man is to be controlled by his itian; but base and corrupted men are slaves to their humî. Itian is also the name for the complete soul.
Many Verdurian terms and idioms are rooted in this quadripartite division of the soul, which explains many things, from why Verdurian has two words for 'feel', olotan and iscrenir, to expressions like curec yä dobrä 'understand well' (literally 'have a good eye').
For more on Verdurian teaching on the soul, see Almean Belief Systems.
Rational being. lesüas - rational being; zetlele - conscious; urise - mortal
Personhood. lesüas - person, personality; aelutrát - character, virtue; iscreniora - temperament, disposition; ctel - individual, person; mem - the self; zhuca - character in a book or play
Disorder. chupre - unconscious, unaware; lüssë - insane; rozhy - mad
Experience. saldhir - experience; hipsaldhir - undergo (negative connotation)
Misperception. prezuir - overlook, fail to perceive; azhgolec - ignore; desurchelan - distract
Consideration. ashir - think, consider / agolec - face, deal with; alir - come to terms with, make do with; pakrihát - attention; surchelan - concentrate
Understanding. cumoteran - understand, sympathize; cumprenan - understand, grasp, realize; onoteran - recognize; lelima - impression; zdesir - look, dig; cumprenäm - context
Imagination. implican - imagine; implisel - image
Misunderstanding. akoteran - confuse; ishshrifec - guess; yerömen - estimate; mauprenan - misunderstand
Knowledge. shrifec - know about, know how, know that, savoir; oteran - know well, know a person, connaître; plenshrifta - mastery; sfafkora - information; tëshrife - familiar
See also 30. Ideas
Appearance. paretir - seem; shaynir - appear, seem
Clarity. yasny - clear, evident; obleme - unclear; mölshue - vague; rude - raw, primitive
Complexity. mushcote - complex; iscun - simple; sroly - intricate; munizul - fancy; urokúshue - labored
Obviousness. abcurayne - reasonable, rational; mezine - necessary, obvious; miyire - natural, to be expected; rhomiyire - unobvious, obscure; iscunlerë - commonplace; peylerë - esoteric
Mystery. kashir - hide; berise - mysterious; taina - secret; tromeyá - illusion; shritihse - discreet
Stupidity. glupy - stupid / burhichy - naïve; buyel - lout, loutish; chachayëse - slow, dim-witted; niruise - foolish; nrüsk - fool; subu, chupom - idiot; shkuashy - silly
Meaning. zadi - meaning / oterise - grounded; vulmizec - mean, intend; zadete - meaningful; zen - sign, signal; zendan - signal, indicate; zadadoni - definition
Nonsense. sancuraya - nonsense; skusku - silliness; malmese - frivolous; zicuäm - ridiculous
Rationality. curaya - reason / imfayir - logically require, entail; appuyan - imply, suggest; degriman - deduce; onvizhien - conclude by induction; metulerec - analyze
Abstraction. curaise - abstract; etaperë, mudhnirtey - general; etasule - particular, concrete
Judgment. celëtir - judge, discern; celdheltan - interpret; vano - alignment, bias; arholotë - prejudice; ovnelse - severe, strict
Problem solving. aguma - problem; bruven - solve; röma - reckoning, calculation; dekashir - reveal; zendonec - clue, indication; zendonecul - hint
Strategy. kensa - stratagem, scheme / kensora - strategy; ftena - plan; zhou - trick; zhuy - way, method; zhuyora - practice, modus operandi
Expectation. vizhien - expect, wait (for) / ishfahec - predict; izhlelen - foresee; izhmetan - prepare; malvizhir - surprise; vizhiát - expectation; voleme - ready; gazimir - suspect, infer
Memory. suzán - memory / suzanen - remember; ublian - forget
Wit. tisire - witty, clever; chismishe - mocking, witty, cuttingly satirical; lerezícue - mocking, amusing, witty
Categorization: 1. Abstract states
Valuation: 31. Valuation
Ability. fäheca - ability, talent / fähe - able; rhofähe - incapable
Will. vulei - will / nimec - dare; nameran - intend; voleme - willing, ready; vulir - want; vulula - whim, wish; zedenomát - renunciation; zetbeze - self-willed, independent; zuran - wish; cishcöre - apathetic, lacking will; malvoleme - unwilling; with ill will; avulën - voluntary
Decision. ciberden, zet sudir - decide; diveir - choose, select; cierceyen - waver; ukeshen - hesitate
Belief. rhedec - believe / agreni - belief, conviction; agrenuli - opinion, notion; chunashea - orthodoxy; imagrenir - persuade; lelesa - faith; zël - extreme, radical; zhenashea - opinion, received wisdom; zhenrhedao - superstition; zhumbruhan - practice, follow
Doubt. dubir - doubt / borzhe - heretical; findise - schismatic, unorthodox; hipcuraye - skeptical, distrustful of received wisdom; samrhedao - unbelief
Obligation. devir - must, have to; lacheo - duty; see also 35. Morality
Wisdom. mudray - wise / cherene - prudent; gareme - sensible, reasonable; garemora - good sense; imgaran - wise up, talk sense into; zhuyse - practical
Foolishness. niruise - foolish; nrüsk - fool; sancherene - imprudent
Compassion. feyen - pity; chisuemse - sensitive; chivinyát - sympathy; iosu - mercy; inye - kind; zetlacri - self-pity; samvoloe - unfeeling, apathetic; unse - sentimental, cloying
Awe. miura - wonder; nüman - dread; olior - terrifying, awe-inspiring; rhuy - awe, astonishment
Inspiration. appuyan - push, motivate, inspire; caucachir - vt goad; imëlen - inspire, arouse
Hope. chascurec - hope
Liking. ditavan - like, prefer, appreciate / ambrir - love, have a taste for; shatir - like; corhrhaner - cherish
Dislike. akolotan - dislike / disan - hate; anushan - loathe; nizenäm - grudge
Anger. fashe - angry / gula - bitterness, spite; gulere - slang angry; gurísh - wrath, ire; ktudh - wrath
Curiosity. etitrát - interest, curiosity; samolotë - lack of interest
Desire. iduran - desire; óndelan - yearn for, long for; prosoter - jump for, clamor for; akolotan - spurn, scorn
Dream. son - dream; nizontu - nightmare
Excitement. huntene - excited / cumfriser - thrill; kezha - zeal, enthusiasm; möcre - jittery, upset; skukair - be bored
Fear. nkash - fear / arafát - terror; gövec - panic; nüman - dread / zhombren - frighten; zhombrulen - alarm
Happiness. lerezhe - happy / äser - merry; bekame - comfortable; bonürë - ecstatic; crete - glad; cuelzulë - proud, clean, happy; estair - exult; malmese - frivolous, light-hearted; mísia - fun; pler - pleasure; ravi - delight; templeran - enjoy; tichure - merry, happy; zul - joyous; zhazharce - joyful, boisterous
Pain. chivi - pain / suspilaven - suffer; sram - shame; see also 36. Sin
Sadness. pëse - sad / chasishshelec - despair; dëlaun - sad amid triumph; frodhe - grim, dismal; ilacrir - lament; milüür - sad, poignant; nizhnise - miserable; orusse - melancholy; pyerir - regret; siblec - disappointing; shushcholotan - mourn; tibri - sorrow, grief
Worry. itësir - worry / orivura - worry, concern; skichiy - tense; torde - tense, uptight
Idea. yela - idea / eta - topic; mizeta - topic, subject; paveta - mention, reference
Truth. oresta - truth / dhaye - correct, right; orestashe - veritable; prile - real; sadesa - truth, genuineness; sënul - certain / indhayec - certain; perë oresta - principle
Error. budhaye - wrong / dham - error, mistake; fsiy - false, untrustworthy; fsiduisir - deceive; lezhel - lie; zet tromir - be wrong, be mistaken
Facts. shrifta - knowledge; surdena - fact
Notation. dum - note, memorandum / binea - list / induman - record; imbineyan - list, register
Theory
Proof. curayora - argument, proof, discourse; onteca - demonstration, experiment; onten - show, demonstrate; perzhano - source of an idea or opinion; pol - grounds, basis; sascuraya - inquiry; uklo - proof
Disproof. akontu - disproof; fsiüklo - fallacy
Explanation. etadel - description; imyasen - explain; condhayec - justify; prokio - reason; ptaleo - hypothesis; coverage (of the facts)
Teach. imbeman - teach / adshriften - instruct; smeruir - educate / indhulan - tutor
Learn. divrec - learn / visanir - study
Teacher. imbemec - teacher; osän - master, tutor; shriftom - doctor, professor
Student. echomu - schoolboy; smeric - student, disciple, candidate; tellec - seeker after knowledge, postulant; zentene - literate
School. echom - school / avisar - secondary school, academy; smernáe - professional college; shriftanáe - university; suméria - 1st level degree; scrifteca - 2nd leve degree
urek - lesson, class; culë - course; zontor - term / caumen - blow off; fálshuec - cram
The standard curriculum. hiceteviso - mathematics; aladhea - music; cadhino - Cadhinor; aluatas - grammar; eyurcrivát - rhetoric, poetry; pleschura - history; kestora - natural philosophy; lätát - athletics
See also 54. Science
Goodness. dobre - good / andor - mighty; beldobre - good, lovely, satisfying; buona - cool, good; creche - pleasant; dobrásh - wonderful; este - great; rodo - nice; telnë - fine; trastoshte - excellent
Badness. durnë - bad / bakt - terrible; ecaë - horrible; kodäm - abomination; kazchal - nasty; mal - poor, bad, wrong; nënë - naughty
Dirtiness: 17. Water
Change. immelioran - improve; cumpugan - perfect; indurnen - worsen
Praise. eglérec - praise / lonëglér - acclamation
Dispraise. malmizec - speak ill of / dhamlelen - criticize; klevan - slander, demean; ocorbir - insult; acceoren - admonish; basashshe - inferior
Assessment. covaler - assess the value of
Comparison. coashir - compare, match / valer - compare (values)
Worth valát - value, worth, merit; valer - be worth, merit
Genuineness. husil - genuine, real; podline - authentic, real; sade - true, genuine, authoritative
Importance. agoläm - important / bolëde - major; shofe - chief, main; tibäm - urgent
Unimportance. rhoagoläm - unimportant / muane - minor; santele - mere; samvale - worthless
Utility. otibruhe - useful / agbüte - useless; doblädan - fit, be fitting; mallädan - clash
Similarity. comshayne - similar / cotuepen - balance, equal; comshaynir - resemble; huepe - equal; nenë - same; samidikon - alike
Dissimilarity. dheler - differ / samlëce - separate; des - various
Usualness. chilise - usual, ordinary / vizhul - ordinary, expected, familiar; tutan - daily, quotidian; cunire - tedious; shinenë - monotonous; zhenshate - popular
Unusualness. urze - strange / idikós - special; idiko - peculiarity; isoncre - irregular; rhovizhul - unexpected, unfamiliar; zhendise - unpopular
Sample. ledha - example, sample; ledhise - representative, typical; gonicore - consistent
iscreniora - temperament, disposition; zetteneo - attitude, air
ur clay --> urise - mortal, fallible; urete - down to earth, practical
Good sense: 28. Itian (Spirit)
mey water --> mese - benevolent, wise, tender; happy, playful
Benevolence. shatametec - friendly / caltose - optimistic; comdruke - amiable; dombrichan - large-hearted, generous of spirit; eleute - frank, free, open, generous; voleme - benevolent; volemát - good will
Tenderness. azhele - tender / eshinyát - lovingkindness; timely - gentle
Light-heartedness. malmese - frivolous, light-hearted, silly
Wisdom, compassion: 28. Itian (Spirit)
dhumë stone --> dhumise - strong, determined, patient
Determination. déneca - persistence; nusse - determined, dedicated, tenacious
Patience. fadhne - patient; araste - careful, painstaking, patient
Calm. peil - peaceful; rhozhive - inactive; zhelse - calm / imzhelen - calm
Gravity. ishet - solemn, grave; medrëse - pompous
Impatience. rhodhumise - impatient
endi wood --> enil - quiet, shy, timid
Quietness. tihy - quiet / paléty - pathetic, sad, sorrowful
Shyness. gigitse - cautious, shy / plóe - bashful; sotse - nervous; surre - solitary
Delicacy. sheli - grace, delicacy / dichy - sweet, nice; didhitise - delicate, pretty, otherworldly; mëf - wondrous, childlike, loving; nezhne - delicate
Timidity. fufur - timid; körhy - cowardly
gent metal --> geteme - strong, powerful, with the qualities of a leader
Strength. zol - strong / brushe - tough; cleir - majestic, powerful, assured; dálues - jovial, strong, powerful; guesse - powerful; mädörn - powerful, triumphant, jovial; medro - nobility, greatness of heart; rhis - free
Bravery. taye - brave; rhavy - valorous
Weakness. cishitë - weak / malgeteme - ineffectual, weak
tshur fire --> mëril - fiery, bold, energetic
Boldness. pondre - bold, audacious; sankuse - desperate, rash
Fierceness. oge - ferocious; onumnë - fierce; büne - violent
Energy. zhive - lively, active / dunetene - energetic; elil - vigorous; elirát - vitality, liveliness
shalea air --> shaleme - intellectual, unwordly, ivory-tower
Intelligent. 27. Razum (Mind)
Cultured. 57. Art and culture
General. celzhene - social; munese - civic, public; sënzise - social; zhuca - role, part
Behavior. mör - custom, way; zet duisir - behave; zetduisi - behavior
Agenda. blidhräm - affairs, agenda; blidhren - be busy, occupy oneself with; fasco - business, affairs, occupation; fascotene - busy; bistren - bustle
Routine. tutfascea - routine; melürec - go on one's rounds; sënza - occupation, things to do; zhese - casual; corëe - formal
Group. oligu - group / bort - band, gang; céshuash - tribe; clechura - cabal; naroda - crowd, the masses; sora - community; zhen - people; imlädan - join; azhlädan - disperse
Association. cunculë - organization; cumoterát - fellowship; cumbutát - company; cumonora - league
Togetherness. anát - union, unity
Separateness. samlëce - separate; surreca - solitude; acotia - sequestration
Worldliness
Worldly. munénë - worldly, adroit / saláncë - experienced, capable, jaded, cynical; cumorge - bitter, cynical, angry at the world; hipcuraye - jaded, cynical, world-weary; sënzec - worldly; busy with career or society; dhuncöre - misanthropic, uncharitable, disgusted with the world, mocking
Egalitarianism is a new and still radical idea in Verdurian society; the overwhelming reality, generally sanctioned by religion and law, is of hierarchy-- great distinctions in wealth and power. Under traditional Cadhinorian thought, differences in rank correlate to differences in value. The gap between theory and practice was always evident, of course, but was taken as grounds to exhort nobles to live up to their class, rather than to abandon moral justifications for aristocracy. Cuzeian and Eledhe thought has always emphasized the equality of all ranks before God, and so does some modern Cadhinorian philosophy.
Hierarchy. rän - rank; ränát - hierarchy / chunima - emblem, arms
Class. ränora - social class / medro, melashtora - nobility; adhomát - clergy; lechen - bourgeoisie (professionals, fine craftsmen, merchants); shalemora - intelligentsia (artists, scholars, clerics); rhezhenát - lower class (laborers, soldiers, shopkeepers, servants); hutorát - peasantry; vechora - rabble; milyö - criminals; tenuora - class of serfs
Superiority. irränë - superior / irtëse - supreme; chinecan - run, manage, boss; hozën - steward, host, head of a household; iresan - control; irlelen - oversee; mashir - master; ireste - supreme
Inferiority. deprosec - subordinate, inferior / colaprec - assistant; konsec - advisor / deprosan - depend on, be subordinate to; kadulolf - brown-noser; mësan - serve, follow; nizhny - prone, subjected, unresisting; promevec - agent; snucan - serve; utekec - hanger-on
Honorifics. grazhenka - Mrs., Miss; grazhenom - Mister; osän - master, tutor; samnome - anonymous; sannei - lady; sanno - lord; shriftom - doctor, professor
Servants. snugá - servant / devhezec - indentured servant; fifachic - personal attendant; hipom - underling; ishnugá - handmaid; pretäro - valet, manservant; rhezhzhina - maid; voyul - messenger / tenu - serf; basom - slave
See also 42. Government
For Verdurian noble titles and families, see The Kingdom of Verduria
Friendship. shatabi - friendship / colädan - complement, get along; cumlädan -