There is much insight to be gained here into the Verdurian mind; not only from the distinctions of meaning available in the language, but in the classifications to be found in various semantic fields, from animal names to genres of writing. Explanations are provided where they may prove helpful, especially when some background explanation can illuminate a whole sequence of related words (see for instance the notes on the soul, and on types of physical substances).

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, that linguistic categories determine thought, is out of favor; but only the strong form need be rejected. There should be no doubt that the categories and concepts of language influence thought, and that the words, metaphors, and semantic fields of a language are a treasure-trove of cultural information.

Like any treasury, of course, it contains fakes and antiques. Often the information encoded is out of date and no longer believed. But even this is interesting; it not only tells us something about the history of the culture, but about what traditional formulations and ancestral conceptions the modern user of the language must struggle against.

Every attempt has been made to achieve accuracy; but conciseness has been preferred to completeness. Glosses are sufficient to identify the sense and distinguish it from closely related words, and no more. In most cases fuller explanations of meanings can be found in the Verdurian-English Dictionary, which should also be consulted for grammatical, stylistic, and etymological information.

Information more readily found or better explained elsewhere in the Research Series is not duplicated here. For instance, numbers, pronouns, prepositions, and affixes are already collected and explicated in the Grammar; geographical names are better read from the Gazeteer; historical names from the Historical Atlas; given names in the monograph on Verdurian Names; names of Cadhinorian gods from the material on Almean religion in Almean Belief Systems. The latter monograph is also the first place to look for further consideration of Verdurian thought and culture in general.

To save space, only one (usually the shortest) of a set of morphologically related words (e.g. gromne 'threatening', gromnec 'threaten', gromnát 'threat') are listed, unless the derivations could not be readily found in the Dictionary (e.g. büt 'goal', agbüte 'useless'). Predictable derivations with rho-, sam-, im-, oti- are not included. For the same reason names of professions are not listed, if they are derived transparently from a listed term (e.g. fäbát 'painting' --> fäbom 'painter'). Learners are advised, however, not to try to invent words this way; the derivations aren't always regular.

Words appear in multiple sections where they either have multiple senses, or direct relevance to multiple categories.

Metaphorical usages (e.g attróuen 'reach' for 'convince'; cipan 'boil' for 'be angry') are generally not cross-referenced, unless they have become so well-established that the metaphoricity has been lost (e.g. imlelen 'make to appear' --> 'publish'; melürec 'go from flower to flower, pollinate' --> 'shop'). The danger that the semantic resources of the language are thus understated must be offset against the considerable savings of space, and the predictability of such expressions.

Some colloquialisms have been included, when they seem not to be ephemeral; e.g. subu 'idiot' has been current for at least fifty years, pasetir in the sense of 'sleep with' for at least a century; and brurho 'belly' and gara 'breast' date back to Old Verdurian. The corollary, however, is that ephemeral slang, no matter how popular or amusing (cf. the early 34th century samelréë 'queenless' = 'out of control'), is not included.

Generally, each paragraph's worth of Verdurian words forms one semantic field. Where a superordinate term (e.g. 'fruit' for 'lemon', 'banana', 'orange') exists, it is listed first within the paragraph, separated from its subordinates by a slash (/). The same convention is used to indicate the unmarked nominalization referring to a graded category (e.g. 'heat' for 'cold, cool, warm, hot'). In either case a second slash sets off more remotely connected terms.

Fourth edition, January 2002
© 1997-98, 2002 by Mark Rosenfelder

1. ABSTRACT STATES

Nonexistence. rhodembul - nonexistent; rhoicë - absent

Coming to be. dësan - come into being / imlelen - appear

Seeming: 26. Leria (Understanding)

Ceasing to be. ishshalean - vanish, cease to exist / islelen - disappear

Creation. creir - create; indësan - call into being; fassec - do, make; leprosan - invent

Manufacture: 47. Craft

Destruction. imnishan - annihilate; mautruir - destroy

Source. perzhano - source (place of origin); iseléaku - source material, raw material; rhizo - root, base; pol - basis, ground

Change. dheltan - change / adesan - become, change one's nature; ocan - get, become, change one's state; ulechen - evolve, develop; chichaumec - vary; mesmere - substitute

Lack of change. ilavren - stay, remain in stasis; leberhaner - maintain

Need. butosheo - need / fayir - be necessary; imfayir - logically require; luchen - miss, regret the lack; mancan - lack; siloran - need; toshen - suffice, satisfy; trometul - superfluous; zamancan - run out

Relation. meas - relation; celise - mutual; cellëc - connection; celmeas - intercourse

State. shircaora - condition; ocát - state, status; ilavri - stasis

Type. kest - kind, type, species; surkest - class, category (conceptually broader than a kest)

Nature. hecu - nature, character; ftacon - essence, inner nature; cöne - basic; onoterul - attribute, property, incidental nature; silireca - tendency

Systems. antau - system

2. TIME

1 hour or less. hora - hour; megua - period (6 min.); piya - moment (3 sec); piyula - instant

Day. dën - day / solial - sunrise, dawn; utro - morning; eldën - noon; proseo - midday break; shueza, plendën - afternoon; crefu - dusk; crefuselta - twilight; zakát - sunset; vëcher - evening; nochy - night; elnochy - midnight / tutan - daily

Today. vetra - yesterday; eludëno - today; zaftra - tomorrow

Week. hepdën - week; chilepdëne - weekly / days of week: scúreden, shirden, fidren, calten, zëden, néronden (market day), cedhnare (sabbath)

Month. iliazhyosh - month; chiliazhëe - monthly / spring: olashu, reli, cuéndimar; summer: vlerëi, calo, recoltë; fall: yag, zhelea, ishire; winter: shoru, frodhac, beshana

Season. zontor - season; zontorise - seasonal / demecha - spring; esta - summer; peleti - autumn; iveri - winter

Year. zon - year / zondre - yearly; zon kastenei - leap-year; kasten - leap-day; cäma - holiday

Century. scadhora - century

Epoch. ciy - epoch, age; ül - ancient, classical; shoruan - medieval; tëdene - modern

Eternity. chiam - forever, eternity; prochiame - everlasting; rhezy - eternal; sankeshe - endless

Use of time. cairo - opportunity, chance; fuáy - repetition, instance; horora - timetable; tibec - rush; horteleo - clock

Earliness. tardeca - lateness / frue - early; cairete - timely; tarde - late; mora - delay; sitre - immediate, sudden

Length. lengát - length / lenge - long; breve - short; didha - time interval; fuáyul - a while, a short time; lengul - phase

Novelty. lebesa - newness / lebe - new; bome - old; sfëz - fresh; pronunete - temporary; rhopronunete - permanent

Age: 18. The life process

Adverbs of time: 61. Adverbs

Days of week, months of year: see the Grammar

For the civil and religious calendar, see The Kingdom of Verduria

3. EVENTS

Occurence. zhanen - occur, happen / sylelen - allow to happen; bozhan - fare; zasatel - project; cozhano - coincidence

Cause. shesan - cause (+ verb, noun)/ faitan - render, make (+ adj); celftenen - arrange

Effect. subrel - effect / imsuvan - affect; imprenan - concern, affect, embroil; imfayir - entail, lead inexorably to

Possibility. otinimashát - probability / rhoeshshane - impossible; rhovizhiäm - unlikely; eshshane - possible; otinimashe - probable; vizhul - to be expected; sënul - certain / ulasen - may, might

Chance. bosa - fortune, chance, luck; malbosa - bad luck; abzhanka - accident; malbundrul - habitually unlucky person; adhtävel - disaster; sangaënát - relief; reprieve

Begin. debút - beginning, debutan - begin (+ noun); imocan - start (+ verb)

Continue. dénuir - continue, persist

End. keshen - stop (+ noun); deshen - stop, quit (+ verb); teplenát - completion; urokeshen - finish (emphasis on process of finishing; often no complement); desüen - prevent

Repetition. onfassec - repeat; ombezhir - resume; fuáy - repetition; cedel - habit

Frequency. chustát - frequency / macrete - rare; rhochuste - infrequent; chuste - frequent; pacpace - regular; sanceloshe - constant; celoshshe - intermittent

4. EFFORT

Purpose. büt - goal, target; zhuca - function, role; ftena - plan; otibruhe - useful; rhozadete - pointless; agbüte - useless

Energy. dunea - energy; benda - work, power; pegeo - force

Effort. razheni - effort / eseyer - try, attempt; surdosen - take on, shoulder

Efficiency. probenda - efficiency / probendre - efficient; malbendre - inefficient

Difficulty. fasil - easy; rhofasil - difficult; lonyolë - challenge; sadëzhea - stress

Danger. väreca - danger / muyo - peril; cisci - risk; shustanë - deadly, fatal, dangerous

Ordeal. rocura - adventure; adferien - bear, stand; lanca - trials, tribulation; lür - woe; tralirec - endure, outlast

Safety. zhore - safe, secure

Compulsion. copuyan - force; shesan - make to do, make to be

Trial. sënan - test, try, verify

Success. abbosan - succeed; imprilen - accomplish; trastoshen - excel, outdo

Failure. eshuir - fail

5. SPACE

Location. pouzhe - location; chel - place; el - center; dör - outside

Verbs. zet tróuen be situated / barucir - lie, rest on; istrichec - protrude; mluzhir - loom, lurk; raspuyan - incline; redhunen - extend

Sides. cot - side / cos - left; dezh - right; fasad - front; dos - back; finta - top; fond - bottom; goly - face; surcot - top surface; syuer - outside surface; uer - outsides; kraita - insides

Directions. num - direction / er - south; tel - west; nan - north; sar - east

Relative height. altát - height / alte - high; base - low

Distance. retdimo - distance / pak - near; ret - far

Alignment. rhodedhëse - vertical; dhëse - horizontal; dedhëse - oblique; colënise - parallel; rhekise - perpendicular

Measurement: 7. Weights and measures

6. EXTENT

Size. dhol - size / bolyáshe - big; pidhë, pav - little; bombril - immense; mäzun - giant

Length. glinát - length / gliny - long; breve - short

Thickness. epesát - thickness / epese - thick; macre - thin

Width. larzhát - width / larzhe - wide; tesny - narrow

Depth. potát - depth / pote - deep; müguy - profound; erme - shallow

Height. hautát - height / haute - tall; breve - short

Area. redhunát - area / noróum - vast; cuda-dos - cramped / pote - square

Volume. dholdimo - volume; dholdimei - cubic

Extent. redhunát - extent; imretan, redhunen - extend

Amount. dimo - sum, amount; hicet - number / bolë - much; pav - little

Measurement of. merir - measure; podimo - rate; mecredimo - ratio; sybütë - accurate

Change in. mudhen - increase; muanen - reduce

Value terms. dimshuten - exceed; gimen - abound; toshte - sufficient, satisfactory; mancan - lack; siblir - fall short; bumushë - scarcity

Weight. pezy - weight / seshue - heavy; zhole - light / pezer - weigh

Solidity. chuzhát - rigidity / chuezhe - rigid; fëre - solid; terheme - firm, solid; dede - shaky; mense - loose; zetauve - flexible

Strength. zol - strength / zol - strong; cishitë - weak

See also 64. Quantifiers

7. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

Many of these measures are still, especially in the country, used quite informally: a carpenter used his own hand as a mano; an innkeeper calls the size of flagon he happens to own a dhuro. In the cities, governments have long attempted to enforce local standards; not only is contention reduced, but a lucrative source of fees and fines is generated.

Linear
eda	width of a scroll pen		.351 cm	.14 in
mano	width of a hand	24 edî	8.42 cm	3.3 in
chima	length of a man's stride	9 manoi	.758 m	2.5 ft
proma	a unit used in racing, navigation, etc.	2 chimî	1.516 m	5.0 ft
cemisa	a thousand paces	1000 chimî	758 m	.47 mi
dhënshadu	one day's ride by horse	60 cemisî	45.48 km	28 mi
Area
barhura	used to measure cloth, rooms, etc.	1 chima potë	.575 m2	6.2 ft2
mechi	used to measure land		1.136 ha	2.8 acres
Volume
mika	1/4 teaspoon	1/2 miy	3.358 ml	0.7 tsp
miy	spoonful		6.716 ml	1.4 tsp
verae	liqueur glass	12 miî	80.6 ml	2.7 oz
dhuro	flagon	5 veraî	.403 l	14 oz
lazhna	wine-bottle	10 veraî	.806 l	.21 gal
gemár	pitcher	10 dhuroi	4.03 l	1.1 gal
luco	bushel	9 gemárî	36.27 l	9.9 gal
bechka	barrel	4 lucoi	145.1 l	38 gal
Weight
ris	the weight of a grain		60.71 mg	.94 grain
hecur	two sheets of paper	100 risî	6.071 g	.21 oz
süro	a standard cut of cheese	100 hecurî	.6071 kg	1.3 lb
cucuri	for weighing men and animals	10 süroi	6.071 kg	13 lb
pavona	cartload	288 cucurî	1750 kg	1.9 ton

8. CONTENTS

Contents. curulora - contents; curec - contain

Fullness. plen - fullness / plene - full; shazhy - empty; boczhene - crowded; sanzhene - vacant

Components. tor - part / cäsel - piece, scrap; caucel - bit, small piece; inteno - ingredient, element; mutai - division; torom - member, component (emphasis on subsidiary status); tranel - segment, division; tusel - splinter; zhusë - member (emphasis on unique role) / intoran - divide

Containers. bechka - barrel; beza - bucket; cleura - cage; dosmishu - backpack, knapsack; dhash - pocket; fako - box; grimosh - drawer; mishek - sack, bag, pack; mishu - large sack or bag; sista - chest, trunk; uzhal - jar; vlagishe - sheath; yonora - basket / isfarhimen - let loose

Food containers: 51. Utensils

Vehicles: 12. Movement

Pile. oshora - pile; tabo - lump; tesha - mess, pile

Sets. ora - collection, group; ptoc - member

Open and close. uvir - open; cüzir - close; beran - lock; deberan - unlock

Fill. immishen - pack; faitan plene - fill; farsir - stuff; poshosh - padding

9. SHAPE AND FORM

Edges. bordë - rim; cas - corner; cot - side; rhay - edge, limit, brim; bukrare - infinite

Shape. bulse - round; cardhise - curved; doly - hollow; istrichec - protuberant; dhëse - flat; tabose - lumpy; imlëne - straight; lukul - bent

Plane figures. tiel - point; lën - line; rhek - cross; car - square; caro - diamond; dhincota - triangle; laun - circle; anelo - ring; cardha - curve

Solid figures. boc - cube; brub - block; dhezgorat - pyramid; pula - sphere; muatëpula - dome

Point-like. pilke - ball; chuca - spot, mark; nozu - knot; tabo - lump

Line-like. alb - beam; bastón - stick, pole; belaca - rod; fil - thread, wire; string; glindrel - cord, small rope, belt; prosh - staff; proshásh - pole; punyo - stick; rozhek - peg; rhoca - hook; terhua - post, stake

Band-like. bres - band, strip; bresul - ribbon; cëmura - column; hizhena - row

Plane-like. fëon - platform; nivo - level; stage

Covering. shecu - hulk; chesha - shell, skin; surosh - cover; bushosh - stopper

Defects. punsa - flaw / bos - wrinkle; chira - crack; bruge - twisty; kud - hole; luka - bend; chunanul - stain; roful - groove

Links. lëc - link; gechë - net, web; tsep - chain

10. COLOR

Although Verdurian scientists have discovered the spectrum (onoale), they have not yet realized that all colors can be described as combinatons of hue, saturation, and luminosity. They still speak of colors on and off the spectrum, and of the darkness (fuzhulát) of colors (which may refer to either saturation or luminosity).

Hue. orale - color, hue / mushorale - polychromatic

Saturation. fuzhulát - darkness, density of color / fuzhul - dark; faliöl - light / defucan - fade

Spectrum colors. onoalei - on-spectrum / ruzhe - red; narnë - orange; flave - yellow; verde - green; azure - blue; tire - purple

Other colors. is onoalen - off-spectrum / fale - white; grise - gray; mlake - black; rhase - rose, pink; brune - brown; brunsus - umber; verdúran - deep green

Skin colors: The following table gives terms typically used for skin color and the Almean and (as closely as possible) terrestrial peoples who typically have that color. Note that religion, not skin color, is the typical basis of prejudice on Almea.

brune 'brown' Verdurians Arabs, mestizo Hispanics
gríshshue 'greyish' Dhekhnami, Monkhayu no close equivalent
rúzhzhue 'reddish' Westerners, Téllinorese Amerindians
chaise 'tea-colored' southerners, Eluyet Greeks, Italians
fale 'white' Xurnese, Skourenes Germans, Scandinavians
fuzhul 'dark' Nanese, Moreo Ashcaian Africans
azhurshue 'bluish' Uytainese no close equivalent; a dark olive color

Hair colors. Among Verdurians, hair colors range from a dark brown (yonte 'toast-colored') to black (mlake); or of course fale 'white' in old age. Westerners and southerners are often chasne 'chestnut' or rose 'red-haired', there are also in-between shades like rosbrune 'auburn', roscashne 'maroon'; while many Xurnese and other far-southerners are lenocse 'blond'. Uytainese and Nanese have hair of a glossy black texture, called mlakon 'coal.

11. PHYSICAL ACTIONS

Push. puyan - push / nozhen - squeeze; nozhulen - pinch; geshan - crush

Hold. curec - hold / dëzhen - tug; griman - pull

Put. metan - put / imbarucir - lay down, set down, put; immetan - stick; imborden - frame; symetan - juxtapose

Arrange. imchelan - arrange; imlëdan - straighten, arrange; immezinen - set in order, clean up; acodhir - separate, sequester

Disarrange. dechelan - displace; delenden - disorder, disarrange, scramble; teshe - disordered, messy; berhe - sloppy; celchelan - switch, replace; ulgash - chaos

Order. mezinen - set in order; izhlädan - precede; suvan - follow / sazhise - subsequent

Search. ishan - search; tellen - seek; tróuen - find; ishshelec - lose; pertróuen - discover

Deform. lukan - bend; dshiren - rip; piser - fold; depiser - unfold; shciir - tear, rip

Break. brisir - break; cäcian - break off; brisete - fragile

Cut. tranen - cut / cäcian - chop; detranen - cut off, sever; findan - split

Pierce. prozen - pierce; shninan - prick

Dig. imsusan, indolir - dig; impochen - bury / tobban - tunnel

Wrap. incruyan - wind, coil, wrap; imbresen - wrap, bandage

Unwrap. ischeshen - peel, shell, strip; issirec - unroll

Throw. gechir - throw / fezhir - hurl, hurtle; lechir - fling; arhelir - pelt

Use. bruhan - use / izhmetan - prepare; maubruhan - abuse

Renew. imleben - renew, renovate

Copy. plican - copy

Destroy. mautruir - destroy / gasfir - waste; gashir - ruin

Mutual relation. bretir - suspend, hang; cumprenan - include; forhan - hang; ferien - bear; raspuyan - lean, incline; situran - surround; traforhan - overhang

Unite. imanen - unite; abnozir - attach; cometan - join, sew; dechir - bind, restrain; meclir - mix; oligec - tie, fasten, link; surmetan - add; nozu - knot

Disunite. azhprenan - remove; deuligec - untie, unfasten

Stick together. glichir - stick together, glue; cruy - tight; mense - loose; glishy - sticky

12. MOVEMENT

Departure. lädan - go / azhfäsir - forego, leave; defasadir - set out from; delädan - depart; enalir - go away; fäsir - leave, abandon; isuven - go out, leave; fasadir - advance; dosadan - retreat

Path. evede - course, route; ban - way, passage; berda - path, trail

Roads: 48. City

Guidance. proven - guide; numonten - direct, give directions; zet ishshelec - lose one's way

Arrival. zhanen - come / appakan - approach; adzhanen - arrive; attróuen - reach, attain; voitec - enter, enter into

Stop. keshen - stop, halt / keshashden - pause; keshnáe - camp

Lack of movement. nozhuven - stay, remain; hotonen - stay at or with

Return. onzhanen - return; dosadan - turn back

Source. perzhano - source, place of origin; usoter - spread

Destination. bankesha - destination; numontu - address

Relative motion. prezuir - pass; rhekan - cross; siblir - miss; suvan - follow; azhbezhir - withdraw p>Restraint. urhanel - limitation, restraint

Pursuit. prosuvan - pursue, chase; atäpan - catch

Escape. ishisir - escape / isvarëcan - rescue; spasian - save, rescue; derhaner - unleash

Rotations. orivan - turn / dosadan - turn around; foraven - swing; iripan - turn upside-down; royir - spin; siireo - roll; launiven - rotate; brugiven - twist

Vibration. fifir - flutter, flap; friser - shake, shudder, tremble; mener - wiggle; dede - shaky

Speed. ruk - speed / chachë - slow; sfute - quick; rurhy - fast / tibec - rush, hurry; härer - dawdle, slow

Ascent. irlädan - climb / lialan - rise; sevan, lialuan - raise

Descent. hiplädan - descend, climb down / tombir - fall, drop; valitan - tumble, be knocked down

Jumping. soter - jump / tocan - bounce; surpochen - land

Walking. prosan - walk / cumprosan - parade, march; prosiec - stroll, promenade; prosulan - pace; tomprosan - march; vezhaen - run

Other types of motion. bedorcan - stumble; clas - swing; crusan - stretch; glisir - slide; nuotan - swim; rappan- crawl; isecaiven - flee; sisir - slip; siturian - circle; trazhen - drag; urulan - slink; yenevan - squirm

Vehicles. pavona - wagon, car; pavonora - train, caravan; glispava - sled; shadosh - carriage; tracca - cart, wheelbarrow

Boats. 17. Water

13. TRANSFER

Carry. nasitan - carry / accesten - deliver; adezhen - fetch; ametan - bring; deliver; färan - ferry / naschura - burden, freight; nasitel - cargo

Take. prenan - take / azhprenan - take away; carpuan - snatch; colir - gather, receive; curizec - grasp; deprenan - remove, steal; ingriman - draw, receive; irzovec - win, gain; lazhec - get, acquire, obtain / otitene - available

Discard. leman - get rid of / azhmetulî - garbage; lemäm - scrap

Possession. tenec - have

Ownership: 44. Law

Give back. ondan - return, replace; onlazhec - regain, get back

Send for. desider - order; voyir - send; izhdesider - reserve

14. NATURE

Mezinë describes the world as ordered by the gods, similar to the Greek cosmos, what is arranged. And so Dimo and so Fsë simply conjure up the enormous, miscellaneous collection of things that are.

Everything. prilora - reality; mezinë - Divine Order; priroda - nature; prirode - natural; so Dimo, so Fsë the Cosmos; naurondise - global, universal

Verdurians carve up the astronomical phenomena according to strictly visual criteria. Thus points of light are curulî; unless they move, in which case they are dunalálî; objects with a visible disk are called syelaunî. It seems perfectly reasonable to a Verdurian to call a comet a dunalál and to call Ënomai, the sun, a syelaun like the moons.

For more on Almea's solar system, see The system

The sky. syel - sky / syele - celestial; altásh - zenith; akaltásh - nadir; kascia - eclipse

Stars. curulë - star (fixed point of light) / lialan - rise; zaker - set; curulëra - constellation; obela - nebula

Planets. dunalál - planet (moving point of light) / Hírumor (Kírumor), Ishire, Vlerëi, Caiem - planets; dunalál tshurec - comet; syelchaska - meteor

Moons. syelaun - moon (moving disk of light) / Ënomai - Almea's sun; Iliazhë, Iliacásh, Naunai - Almea's moons

Almea. Almea - Almea, the world; hipsyele - earthly

Ground. pocha - ground, surface of earth; hippocha - underground; sfelunca - cavern; parnahireo - earthquake

Plains. etald - plain / irenzha - savannah, veldt; sablia - desert; lutuli - meadow

Forests. silva - forest / güsce - jungle; leusia - marsh; dharimac - wilderness

Hills and mountains. cima - hill, parna - mountain / kent - plateau; mëriparna - volcano; parnora, rilë - mountain range / cruy - steep

Valley. dolina - valley / corzhe - canyon; falez - cliff; mügu - abyss; rof - ditch

Rivers. selë - river / boruna - torrent; fana, yore - stream, brook; fanka - brooklet; gué - ford; meban - channel; suetlen - meander; surselne - riverine; boemo - riverbank; sezuë - spring, source; imchor - confluence; nagana - delta; zolmey - rapids

Seas. zëi - sea / etani - lake; etama - pond; gerak - strait; shutea - puddle; tas - bay / zëte - marine

Sea-girdled land. bordë - coast; surbordne - coastal; hundochi - peninsula; müsa - cape; nezi - island; neziora - archipelago; strana - beach

See also 16. Substances

15. WEATHER

Temperature. calo - heat / froe - cold; anizhe - cool, chilly; toshe - warm; cal - hot / immorzen - freeze

Conditions. belfassec - be fair; brum - fog; gläca - puddle; grel - hail; füzer - mist; neyzhe - snow; nush - frost; obleme - cloudy; pluy - rain; pluyshel - shower; pluyeshui - drought

Storms. orazh - storm / ádhorazh - hurricane, tornado; nezhura - snowstorm, blizzard / mólnia - lightning; grom - thunder; onoale - rainbow

Objects. obika - cloud; dhac - wind; tuli - breeze

Seasons. zontor - season / demecha - spring; esta - summer; peleti - fall; iveri - winter

16. SUBSTANCES

Substance. ftacon - element (type of substance), essence; eléaku - substance (subcategory), material, composition; beh - spirit, distillation; deyon - matter (as opposed to energy or spirit); deyodimo - mass; shoz - stuff; bidracon - atom (smallest unit you can have of a substance)

CLAY. ur - clay

Clays proper. binges alumina

For building. ladriyo - brick; sevúr - mortar / chana - pot; ledli - porcelain; përmáco - cement; sesüza - glaze; dhëska - tile; dhësura - paving; sisna - gravel; sisna përmácula - concrete

Ashes. kef - ashes / fulyo - soot; kef lezüny - sodium carbonate (soda ash); kef steklei - potassium carbonate (potash)

Crusts. rhecuam - crust / teb - rust; civru verdul verdigris; përnápa - saltpetre

Powders. prak - powder / sably - sand; steklo - glass; hasifa - sulphur; puil - dust; krhumprak - black powder, gunpowder; ricorek - talc; yeshore - kohl; rhoga - gypsum

Calxes. chuél - calx / creza, tshurprak - lime; chuél camside - arsenic trioxide (white arsenic); chuél choshave - mercuric oxide; chuél mlakonei - coke; chuél plomei - white lead; erüzula ogudula - lead oxide

Salts. sel - salt (esp. sodium chloride) / sel imelirec - smelling salts; sel Mirashcarei - Epsom salts; sel sheveië - sal ammoniac; sel vinnape - cream of tartar; selembre - natron; selkare - borax; (sel) elcarin - iron sulphate (blue vitriol); verde (sel) elcarin - copper sulphate; brunarë - alum

Earths. sus - soil, earth / chusë - mud; leut - slime; përshruma - bitumen, coal tar; sëm - tar; shruma - pitch; gitlesheli - phosphorus; fale brisgent - bismuth oxide

ROCK. për - rock / dhumë - stone; përs - rocky

Minerals. camsida - arsenic trisulphide (orpiment); crezapër - limestone, chalk; crifpër, mole plom - graphite; crifpër Benécë - molybdenum disulphide; erüza - cinnabar); evranka - arsenic disulphide (realgar); fladhomë - slate; grisruda - pyrite; mira plomei - galena (lead sulphide); mlakon - coal; mlakon brisgentei - bismuth sulphide; mlakon yeshorei - antimony trisulphide (grey antimony); murca - magnet; pattea - zinc carbonate (calamine); plom pushul, erüzula - lead oxide (litharge); porute - marble; ricora - soapstone; rhena - flint; samplom - zinc sulphide (blende, sphalerite); shushchat mlakon - charcoal; stampër - tinstone

Gems. zhoya - jewel / azurda - sapphire; seslina - turquoise; berole - malachite (copper ore); camsidole - arsenic; crato - ruby; dadhusha - jade; iluti - quartz; lazar - lapis lazuli; lökol - manganese dioxide; moshtol - feldspar; retparna - amethyst; rinde - emerald; tánulac - zircon; tsísia - diamond; yatar - amber

Mining. eucarana - mine

METAL. gent - metal

ruda - ore / arzhent - silver; brisgent - bismuth; civru - copper; choshava - mercury; elnamë - platinum; emur - silver/tin alloy ; gent meiladei - cobalt; gent meuciborei - nickel; gent samplomei - zinc; gent yeshorei - antimony; kol - iron; kolë - steel; laitón - brass; meilad - cobaltite; meucibor - niccolite; orh - gold; plom - lead; plomul - pewter; selon - bronze; stan - tin; zhuranami - wolfram

Verbs. uter - refine; orhfäben - gild

FIRE. tshur - fire / chaska - spark; nizh - smoke; ogón - flame; push - puff

Verbs. tshuran - burn; fozhir - blaze; tshurulen - scorch

Electricity. syametát - electricity

AIR. shalea - air

Special terms. scaleia - gas; nüt - scum, foam; puza - bubble; cipulan - effervesce

Airs. shalea cipulátei - carbon dioxide; shalea michii - ammonia; zhivë shalea - oxygen; fäsula shalea '- nitrogen

WOOD. endi - wood

Organic materials. cauchuco - rubber; chuzhec - starch; dónia - wax; glitosh - glue; azipa - fat; maflosh - mafla opium; mey vezhë - sap; napa - dregs; sabun - soap; sima - resin; simula - varnish; stäv - straw; suf - cork; tshurprak - lime; genrhe - lacquer; zhezhoil - gelatine

17. WATER

Liquids. méyshue - liquid / beh michii - acqueous ammonia; beh elcarinei - sulphuric acid ; beh selei - hydrochloric acid; crezheca choshava - mercuric chloride; cüe Kare - petroleum; kefmey - lye; mashre mey - nitric acid; shobóst - brine; tos - dew; vimbeh - alcohol

Wetness. sesue - wet; sesul - moist; seshe - dry

Change of state. cipan - boil; duhe - steam; impitir - absorb; plavec - melt; ryot - ice; meplavec - dissolve; meplavë - solvent; meplavul - solute

Movement of water. choran - flow; klushan - splash; kopan - drip; lüvrec - run; sezir - pour, gush; ishshor - outlet; meban - channel; mena - wave; mebrugë - whirlpool; trochoran - overflow

Movement in water. nuotan - swim; sahiran - float; tramëzhen - dive; mëzhen - immerse, sink; noyer - drown; hiprhaner - soak

Cleanness. dhaule - clean / lavan - wash, clean; dessuan - wipe

Dirtiness. salë - dirty; veche - filthy, foul; veteme - nasty, smelly / veter - pollute

Pouring. leurec - draw off, pour; livan - pour; shuten - spill

Directing water. mepuyosh - pump; agban - dam; mebanul - gutter

Boats. lotka - boat / calnnavira - warship; dhëslota - barge; farlota - ferryboat; murna - dinghy; navira - ship; radhi - punt; remlotka - rowboat; cora - river trader; corona - military riverboat; tveremora - galleon; ftoremora - galley; peremora - small galley / culisa - fleet

Verbs. iripan - capsize; remir - row; duisir - steer; scafir - dock; traborden - (dis)embark

Parts. penda - stern; teba - bow; alb - mast; chinzheda - anchor; chirnu - deck; dus - rudder; nasinnáe - hold; orivosh - tiller; fel - sail; rem - oar; rheba - keel

Rivers and seas: 14. Nature

18. THE LIFE PROCESS

In Cadhinorian thought there are four ages (didhî) or stages of life: pidhát infancy; imfatë childhood; nacuy adulthood; and bosmeca senility. The transition to childhood is learning to speak; that to adulthood is the nacuy and redel ceremonies at puberty; bosmeca is marked by the loss of physical, mental, or temporal power.

Age. zonhicet - age / sulete - young; bome - old / zonir - age

Birth. nes - birth; midei - station in life; nesan - be born; neschena - birth ceremony; pidha infant

See also 40. Marriage; 41. Sex

Growth. creshir - grow (intr.); increshir - grow (tr.), make larger; nurir - develop; ikabe - stunted / imfát child

Maturity. nacuy - adulthood, maturity; nacuyád - manhood ceremony; redel - womanhood ceremony; plenuestu - adult; zonul - mature, grown up

Death. shushchan - die / bosme senile; noyer - drown; kekan - kill; impochen - bury; urokesha - grave; ferica - funeral; fant - ghost, phantom; rhozhive - dead (formal term); shustana - death (poetic), fate-appointed time of death; zetkekát - suicide

Killing: 37. Conflict

Corruption. cishuran - decay; frirec - crumble; mochir - rot; ocdurnen - deteriorate

19. ANIMALS

Dasco is the general term for animal; sfer 'beast' excludes lesüasî, the intelligent beings. Note that the earthly opposition between 'man' and 'animal' is more complicated on Almea, where there are multiple intelligent races, not even belonging (by scientific standards) to the same genus. Most Almeans also believe in spiritual, non-divine beings which are rational, but cannot be considered animals; see 55, Religion.

Mammals. shomulo - mammal (excludes man)

Cats. ailuro - cat, fitrau - tomcat, koshka - female cat

Dogs. cuon - dog, rhes - male dog, betra - bitch

Horses. shual - horse, giuro - stallion, zhumeta - mare; rozhual - unicorn

Cows. boua - cow, bouan - bull, sbayu - calf; uol - ox, bison

Other Farm. dasco imutorul - domesticated animal / shucha - pig, verat - boar, truzha - sow; kapro - goat, koza - kid; mot - sheep, arni - lamb; osol - donkey

Predators. yagcrezhec - hunting animal / bardinó - coyote; barsúc - badger; chucul - leopard, panther; daush - tiger; dhise - bat; gurë - lion; lef - wolf; lupek - fox; obly - wild boar

Prey. sferul - small herbivore / egusfer - hedgehog, porcupine; gut - rat; köti - squirrel; lapis - rabbit; marsho - beaver; mesocrico - hamster, guinea pig; rislitno - rodent; suri - mouse; top - mole

Large. arkosha - tree cat, monkey; chiron - elephant; dhanvena - llama; gudun - antelope, gnu; kenek - camel; losu - moose, elk; nucha - seal; selëzëchu - hippopotamus; shipom - merman (sea monkey); urs - bear; ven - deer, gazelle; zëboua - walrus, manatee

Birds. uazo - bird / cececén - type of songbird; cirut - type of songbird; coec - crow, raven; cunya - swan; däri - seagull; falëpëzha - dove; fose - crane; hupibu - great tufted owl; ibu - owl; möca - sparrow; örn - eagle; fëzha, salyuazo - pigeon; rhurc - vulture; silui - type of songbird; sokol - falcon, hawk; tutua - parrot, toucan; yacura - partridge; zhirén - ibis / uazora - flock

Poultry. huyon - chicken, petúk - rooster, curka - hen; gäs - goose; ensheyne - duck; mémia - turkey / clachir - hatch

Fish. pazh - fish / akula - shark; anguia - eel; irzina - leech; morea - tuna;nodhony - salmon; seloda - herring; suesbrak - octopus; tizhapazh - catfish; vuchemu - flounder; colep, pache, lomo, cradh - types of fish

Insects. sezhlór - insect (including arachnid) / arasni - spider; arbek - locust; cicil - cricket; cusil - tick; chedesnaga - centipede; formica - ant; letusca - butterfly; mëlë - bee; molya - moth; musca - fly; pkekpe - mosquito; pusa - flea; rakan - cockroach; sotok - grasshopper

Reptiles etc. rappec - reptile (including other animals listed) / cäh - lizard; treka - turtle; domlim - snail; drac - dragon; estecäh - alligator; gambra - sea turtle; increzhosh - parasite; lim - slug; omár - lobster, crayfish; rak - crab; rana - frog; sidhdhi - serpent, snake; sravec - shellfish; yenev - worm / bumecho - pearl

Intelligent races. lesüas - rational being; dhuncrur - biped / elcar - dwarf, elcar; fleád - flaid; gdeon - giant; hupa - halfling; icëlan - icëlan; iliu - iliu; ktuvóc - ktuvoc, demon; múrtany - murtany; uestu - human

Man. uestu - man / sefo - boy; bubo - lad, lout

Woman. redelcë - woman / zhina - girl; medhina - tomboy; frälina - young woman

See also 41. Sex

Child. imfát - child / pidha - baby; see also 40. Family

On Almea's intelligent species, see also The descent of lesüasi

Monsters, mythical beasts. dhëfku - monster / shualom - centaur; ebdu - troll; fsizhemna, ftorlädec - doppelganger; ftacu - elemental; kushak - ogre; levuestu - werewolf; nise - gnome; piza, niza - pixie; ubir - vampire; uestuosh - homunculus, golem, android; uya - sprite; zëoshu - sea monster

Coverings. chesha - shell, skin; shomë - fur; chésula - scale; iëzhu - feather; srava - seashell

Parts. chironduri - tusk; goly - muzzle; köh - tail; ozhra - wing; rog - horn; püna - fin; sena - beak, bill; shaute - hide; undásh - claw; unyaga - hoof; zhuba - mane, crest

see also 21. The body

Activities. letan - fly; melürec - pollinate; nid - nest, lair, hive; trunir - swarm; trädan - graze

Noises. bruhu - trumpet (elephant); cici - chirp; coe - caw; cuéh - quack; cucurú - crow; ehehe - neigh; miu - miaow; mü - moo; muzho - roar; nidip - croak; rhaf - bark; rhun - grunt; rhur - growl; sui - squeak; süs - hiss; uhu - hoot; zuz - buzz

Products. chironduri ivory; dónia - wax; dhan - wool; süro - cheese; huvon - egg; korhu - leather; leme - milk; melosh - honey; posha - goosedown; risdosh - manure; seta - silk

Horsy terms. shadan - ride; sëdil - saddle, sresho - stirrup; rhanosh - reins; surshual - harness; drote - gee! shadosh - carriage; shualnáe - stable; zashadan - mount; dechiplan - dismount; ruizer - trot; vezhaen - gallop

Exploitation. deëzhan - pluck; dresir - train; ihtüan - fish; imutoran - tame; ispolnir - skin; motana - sheepfold; uco - herd; yagen - hunt; surmetan - load; demetan - unload; suvizan - stalk; dugel - lure, bait

20. PLANTS

vezhi - plant / balam - edible plant; shari - weed

Verbs. impochen - plant; iortan - flower; zhortir - sprout; risdan - fertilize

Parts. brasc - pollen; cäli - stalk; cälul - stem; chesura - bark; chunido - acorn; endi - wood; föy - leaf; hupo - tuft; lëpa - petal; ris - seed; rhizo - root; scorso - branch; scorsok - stick, twig; socima - thorn; susurk - stump; teho - trunk; urk - log; yeka - bud / donta - cell

Trees. arb - tree / asën - maple; bice - fir; blanarb - palm; chizha - cactus; chun - oak; churarb - pear tree; fikarb - fig tree; luomarb - apple tree; sasna - pine; scila, arbul - shrub; sicharb - lemon tree; suf - cork oak; uran - birch

Flowers. zhorta - flower / faliorta - daisy; mafla - blue flower yielding an opiate; puyota - carnation; rhas - rose; tashiorta - tulip; tirura - lilac; chorizhina, nölne, pizufëa, utrosheli, vidhra - types of flower

Small plants. brura - heather; cuplia, panföy - hemp, marijuana; edra - ivy; fiy - fern; forno - hay; kena - reed; lácati - cotton; lan - flax; mokan - hallucinogen; palanu - gorse; susrevolu - moss; trava - grass; tref - clover; tuyoshari - tobacco; usiro - Cuzeian maid's-herb

Mold. mico - mold; mochi - rot, mold

Organic substances: 16. Substances

Edible plants are listed under 24. Food

21. THE BODY

Head. bem - head / orel - ear

Hair. shevei - hair / irevolu - mustache; revolu - beard; tizhai - whisker; sadhil - unkempt; tasul - braid

Face. ufëa - face / suryi - forehead; siüli - eyebrow; yë - eye; pili - eyelash; olf - nose; olfkud - nostril; vánë - cheek; lukona - chin

Mouth. bush - mouth / leve - lip; labi - tongue; duri - tooth; mahia - jaw; disna - gum

Arms. brak - arm / hipbrak - armpit; imsemizi - inner arm; dörsemizi - outer arm; cuda - elbow; semizi - forearm; ilura - wrist

Hand. mano - hand / cálima - knuckle; chedho - palm; dochi - finger; dotoni - thumb; unë - fingernail; clek - fist

Trunk. teho - trunk / sheya - neck; gorzhi - throat; mira vué - larynx; rhuzi - chest, bosom; sullimura - chest above breasts; limura, slang gara - breast; cellimura - cleavage; tet - nipple; tetásh - aureole; taleo - waist; ombrili - navel; magen - stomach, midriff; ventra, brurho - belly

Back. dos - back / epöl - shoulder; crurhizo - buttock; kadul - ass; baskud, (obscene) forë - anus

Loins. anca - hip; dhasc - bladder; golë, dhincota - groin; bashshevey - pubic hair; frond, gob - penis; gamerka - testicle; shagati, vlagishe - vagina; baslevi - vulva; odhi - clitoris

see also 41. SEX

Organs. zhusë - organ / auva - womb; brurho - gut; hepato - liver; magen - stomach; merok - brain; plasy - nerve; poln - skin; pulmon - lung; rhim - kidney; rhusi - muscle; uem - heart; torensa - blood vessel

Skeleton. hostora - skeleton; host - bone / bembula - skull; cheya - rib; rheba - spine; luka - joint

Legs. crur - leg / riasni - thigh; imriasni - inner thigh; döriasni - outer thigh; yolo - knee; deryolo - back of knee; colo - calf; sheva - ankle

Feet. naga - foot / cauco - heel; hipnaga - sole; orto - toe / chimora - footprints

Things the body does

Facial expressions. dhuven - frown; gurfec - scowl; rizir - smile; rhasachir - blush

Mouth. baba - open-mouthed; bäbec - yawn; chamzan - bite; kusizan - chew; chihan - sneeze; dhudhir - drool; gagan - choke; bakatir - vomit; glutir - swallow; hüan - sigh; husten - cough; imbrurhen - devour; ktüec - suck; leurec - sip; ridir - laugh; rharkan - spit; rhorhuir - gargle; siblir - whistle; tezhec - lick; tuyec - smoke; zaridir - burst out laughing

Hand. kazec - point; manachir - gesture; skichir - clench; bashan - slap, spank

Other parts. imora - digestion; choran - cry; fsetec - fart; lacrir - tear up, cry; mittir - urinate; pilachir - blink; suzir - sweat; shalean - breathe; zachoran - burst into tears

Whole body. ásuir - sit; barucir - lie down; lätan - compete; nuotan - swim; prosan - walk; teker - stand; vezhaen - run

see also 12. Movement

Relaxation. dormir - sleep; dodoir - nap; echitan - wake; nuven - go to bed; son - dream; proshalean - rest; shenan - relax; ; srhonker - snore

Body care. cesuan - scratch; fifachir - groom; fäbrau - cosmetics, makeup; innülen - curl (tr.), nülen - curl; galen - bathe; razir - shave

Caresses. imbrakir - embrace; labir - (colloq.) kiss; levatir - kiss; manoren - caress; paluen - fondle; saldhir - feel; zhiren - hug

see also 41. Sex

Hunger. fsurë - hungry; fsurshushchan - starve; imbruse - famished, ravenous; fsurona - famine vulcrezhno - appetite

Thirst. sizy - thirsty

Fatigue. lase - tired; vuldorme - sleepy

Intoxication. oshte, söl - drunk; dhare - sober; molir - get high; molul, zhuzhu - high

Descriptions. azifse - fat; dautë - one-eyed; ikabe - stunted; lisy - bald; nültene - curly

Height, size, etc.: see 6. Extent

Substances. azipa - fat; chuza - shit; gleuma - mucus; glöma - snot; krof - blood; host - bone; lacri - tear; michy, zhizhyo - urine; myaso - flesh; risora - semen; rhark - spit, saliva; sud - sweat; zhonkrof - menstrual blood

22. SENSORY EXPERIENCE

To the Verdurians there are six senses: what we consider one sense, touch, they divide in two. As one savant explains it: "Trogulo gives us intimate and accurate perception of those objects in direct contact with our skin; saldhia, a vaguer sense of our surroundings as a whole." We could call saldhia what can be learned from the air; a Verdurian would agree with this formulation, but would maintain that the body receives impressions from all the air in its vicinity, not merely that in immediate contact with the skin-- how else (he would argue) can one tell exactly where in the room is a fire burning? In addition to temperature and humidity, Verdurians are likely to say they can saldhir the unhealthiness of a swamp, the freshness of a fountain, the tension before a storm, and even others' emotional states.

Indirect touch. saldhir - sense remotely or through the air

Temperature. calo - heat / froe - cold; anizhe - cool, chilly; toshe - warm; cal - hot

Air quality. calseshue - humid; calzhole - dry; sfëz - fresh

Touch. trogan - touch (sense directly through skin contact)

Hardness. duresa - hardness / dur - hard; mole - soft / induran - harden

Sharpness. chisiát - sharpness / chisy - sharp; möl - blunt / imchisir - sharpen

Roughness. femát - roughness / feme - rough; lisy - barren, smooth; sisy - slippery; dhul - smooth / indhulan - smooth; imsisir - polish

Hearing. acinec - listen to, hear (people, stories); slushir - hear (sounds); oir - listen (to sounds); yari - sound

Loudness. fortesa - loudness / forte - loud; dhonde - quiet; rhoforte - soft; misuril - silent

Sounds. glonyec - ring; kabakaba - noise; keyen - knock; klushan - splash; kumpen - stamp; kumpulen - tap; peshan - crash; pishan - smash; scescan - rattle; tom - thump

Animal noises: see 19. Animals

Speech: see 58. Speech

Smell. flaner - smell; chümse - malodorous; dushe - aromatic; dushic - perfume

Sight. leilát - sight; lelen - see

Light. selta - light / iluvan - shine; suriluvan - illuminate

Darkness. shoru - darkness / imshoruan - darken; shoruan - dark; umbra - shadow

Observation. cumlelen - witness; kashlelel - peek; leleë - view; pakrihan - regard; pilava - glance; pser - watch; rihan - look (at); serizan - stare; sfutlelen - spot; yachir - ogle

See also 26. Leria (Understanding)

Brightness. claesa - brightness / claë - bright; ëclaë - glaring; iluve - shiny

Visibility. lele - visible; cellele - transparent; rholele - invisible; salele - clear

Appearance. shaynesa - appearance / imlelen - appear; ishshalean - vanish; islelen - disappear

Quality. sfesher - flash; tsisir - glitter

Taste. gustan - taste; imbushan - savor

Quality. bogaty - delicious; egre - sour; embre - bitter; imbushäm - savory; mishkichy - tasty, yummy; sambushe - tasteless, bland; selse - salty; sfechy - spicy; tsesse - sugary, sweet

Deficiencies. deyeen - to blind; samlele - blind; dautë - one-eyed; samslushe - deaf; rhom - lame

23. HEALTH

Illness. malád - illness; malse - ill, sick; mön - sick, diseased; morge - morbid, unhealthy; morgarda - agony

Disease. mönát - disease, disorder / agasarda - cholera; cuteio - stroke; chüma - plague; dicenarda - scurvy; falilant - anemia; gutia - epilepsy; gascia, ishshelsira - leprosy; kiscarda - impotence; lüvrug - diarrhea; magnotibri - nausea; malbema - headache; malionile - venereal disease; malgiveca - sleeping sickness; malmagen - stomach-ache; pulmonarda - tuberculosis; rhum - cold; tucet - pox; tugeca - arthritis; zëimalát - seasickness

Condition. zendonec - condition, indication / azurek - bruise; bufauhe - paralysis; caesia - rash; calura - fever; chivi - pain; durok - wart; gararda - swelling; garka - blister; puyok - pimple; pavdormi - insomnia; roheica - sprain, cramp; vazhi - wound

Doctor. lekaro - physician, doctor; maladnáe - hospital; chümána - leprosarium, plague hospital; lainec - patient

Treatment. lëka - drug; huvima - pill; onzhiven - cure; erénica - purge; porocesen - massage; trancát - surgery / bres - bandage / málemel - symptom

24. FOOD

Drinks. caua - coffee; chai - tea; leme - milk; mey - water; suco - juice

Beer. sherë - beer / depiran - brew; firan - ferment; peza - hops / dhula sherë ale; flavë sherë - lager; fuzhula sherë -bitter

Wine. vin - wine / uzina - sweet white wine; orhpitë - strong white wine; rhasia - rosé; cleir - medium red wine; luyshor - heavy red wine; ruzbidesh - cider; zhöh - mead / vincole - wine-lover; vinom - winegrower; vinzihe - grape; bindo - vine

Distillation. kopuren - distill; kopurul - distilled drink; izhprando - cocktail

Food. nurzha - food / crezhen - eat; crocan - gorge, pig out; mur - ripe; oticrezhe - edible; samnurzha - fast; veneno - poison

Animal products. süro - cheese; huvon - egg; leme - milk; melosh - honey

Berries. zihe - berry / erél - cranberry; embrezihe - raspberry; fraga - strawberry; chinzik - gooseberry; mirtë - blueberry; sezhzihe - raisin; vinzihe - grape; visha - cherry

Fruit. koup - fruit / blan - date; ciröla - plum; chura - pear; dinya - melon; fik - fig; luom - apple; narnë - orange; nedizi - banana; precásh - peach; precok - apricot; sicho - lemon; sicho shurë grapefruit; sicho verde lime / cöd - pit, kernel

Grains. ris - grain / avena - oats; griu - wheat; horzhe - barley; maíz - corn; segly - rye; ton - rice

Grain products. avenura - porridge; brasho - flour; culanul - pastry, torte; keks - cracker; maco - dough, pasta; shulya - noodle; onrälul - biscuit; yon - bread; yonka - roll; yonog - toast; zer - flatcake

Meat. myaso - meat / shank - ham; shuchmyaso - pork; boumyaso - beef; domyaso - bacon; huyomyaso - chicken meat; milka - sausage; motmyaso - mutton; myassose - gravy; myasulo - meatball; sbayumyaso - veal; sezu - dried meat; venmyaso - venison; cumetu - seafood salad / myasom - butcher

Nuts. nüs - nut / cashna - chestnut

Spices. sfeto - spice / alyo - garlic; botsa - vanilla; cebo - onion; dizhón - mustard; draba - horseradish; ind - pepper; kyodo - clove; merha - oregano; poro - green onion, scallion; sel - salt; vinembre - vinegar; zerhash - herb

Substances. cüe - oil; chuzhec - starch; azipa - fat; maslo - butter; slifi - cream; zhezho - jelly; zhezhoil - gelatine

Sweets. dheletá - dessert / chechu - candy; leme bulondula - custard; marmo - pudding; melosh - honey; yon munizul - cake; rüdile - flavored shaved ice; tsesi - sugar, sugarcane; shekshek - cacao, chocolate

Vegetables. arico - long bean; cälî asparagus; eliá - olive; fazholo - round bean; fësil - parsley; fron - a type of long, thick mushroom; grak - chickpea; grakok - pea; grib - mushroom; grurha - turnip; lëtiy - lentil; masloföy - lettuce; morut - carrot; ogorék - cucumber; susluoma - potato; shou - cabbage; shouzhorta - cauliflower

Preparation. rälan - cook / azipdan - grease, dip in fat; bulondir - bake; cäcian - chop; cipan - boil; isfölen - peel; ogudir - roast, broil; porocan - knead; surogonec - fry; shobosec - pickle; tranen - cut; zerhashan - season; zhuydoni - recipe

Preparations. celzer - sandwich; föî - salad; huvon pisul - omelette; legua - soup; shaune - broth; rhitchena - pie; suco - juice; sucón - sauce; zëdenei - stew

See also 51. Utensils

Meal. chena - meal / cédhue - feast; elchena - lunch; izhprandora - cocktail party; perchena - breakfast; prando - dinner; zury - supper

Restaurants. lesteo - restaurant / rälom - cook; redh - waiter; desider - order

25. CLOTHES

Undress. dabilen - undress; deuveren - take off; isfolen - strip

Nudity. polne - nude (emphasis on showing skin); samuvere - unclothed

Whole body. uverë - clothes / kyole - dress; lapiskusku - bunny suit; pauto - coat; pelerin - cape; plupauto - raincoat; sutana - robe / uverát - tailoring, fashion

Accessories. bretel - suspender; detosh - buckle; dhash - pocket; gintro - sash; puyok - button; kunnasitosh - purse; odaivun - tie, cravat; sinmano - glove; siteza - loop, fastener; siturosh - belt; surorel - earring; shircilura - bracelet

Head. kazhgouka - veil; süpa - cap; shapa - hat; tiplüba - wig

Neck. sheyosh - collar; shircsheya - necklace; toshsheya - scarf

Chest. brakosh - sleeve; dhampauto - sweater; hend - shirt; hendana - blouse; limurbres, bres - cloth to bind or support breasts; sambrake - vest-coat; nuvenda - nightgown

Dresses exposing: sullimura - area above breasts; cellimura - area between breasts; hiplimura - all of breasts; magena - midriff

Legs. bröca - trousers, pants; lanika - underwear; nilne - skirt; shircanca - loincloth

Foot. calseo - shoe / kumpa - boot; shevesca - long stockings; sheveza - sock, low stockings; tacil - sandal/ samcalseë - barefoot

Material. dhalashteca - elegance

Material. eléaku - cloth / cuplana - canvas; dhan - wool; dhaneme - velvet; korhu - leather; lácati - cotton; lanë - linen; seta - silk; shomë - fur; zhusni - lace

Fabrication. testasan - weave; pleschen - spin; huven - dye

Laundry. falen - launder; falis - laundry

26 - 32. THE SOUL

The righteous man is to be controlled by his itian; but base and corrupted men are slaves to their humî. Itian is also the name for the complete soul.

Many Verdurian terms and idioms are rooted in this quadripartite division of the soul, which explains many things, from why Verdurian has two words for 'feel', olotan and iscrenir, to expressions like curec yä dobrä 'understand well' (literally 'have a good eye').

For more on Verdurian teaching on the soul, see Almean Belief Systems.

Rational being. lesüas - rational being; zetlele - conscious; urise - mortal

Personhood. lesüas - person, personality; aelutrát - character, virtue; iscreniora - temperament, disposition; ctel - individual, person; mem - the self; zhuca - character in a book or play

Disorder. chupre - unconscious, unaware; lüssë - insane; rozhy - mad

Experience. saldhir - experience; hipsaldhir - undergo (negative connotation)

26. LERIA (UNDERSTANDING)

Misperception. prezuir - overlook, fail to perceive; azhgolec - ignore; desurchelan - distract

Consideration. ashir - think, consider / agolec - face, deal with; alir - come to terms with, make do with; pakrihát - attention; surchelan - concentrate

Understanding. cumoteran - understand, sympathize; cumprenan - understand, grasp, realize; onoteran - recognize; lelima - impression; zdesir - look, dig; cumprenäm - context

Imagination. implican - imagine; implisel - image

Misunderstanding. akoteran - confuse; ishshrifec - guess; yerömen - estimate; mauprenan - misunderstand

Knowledge. shrifec - know about, know how, know that, savoir; oteran - know well, know a person, connaître; plenshrifta - mastery; sfafkora - information; tëshrife - familiar

See also 30. Ideas

Appearance. paretir - seem; shaynir - appear, seem

Clarity. yasny - clear, evident; obleme - unclear; mölshue - vague; rude - raw, primitive

Complexity. mushcote - complex; iscun - simple; sroly - intricate; munizul - fancy; urokúshue - labored

Obviousness. abcurayne - reasonable, rational; mezine - necessary, obvious; miyire - natural, to be expected; rhomiyire - unobvious, obscure; iscunlerë - commonplace; peylerë - esoteric

Mystery. kashir - hide; berise - mysterious; taina - secret; tromeyá - illusion; shritihse - discreet

27. RAZUM (MIND)

Stupidity. glupy - stupid / burhichy - naïve; buyel - lout, loutish; chachayëse - slow, dim-witted; niruise - foolish; nrüsk - fool; subu, chupom - idiot; shkuashy - silly

Meaning. zadi - meaning / oterise - grounded; vulmizec - mean, intend; zadete - meaningful; zen - sign, signal; zendan - signal, indicate; zadadoni - definition

Nonsense. sancuraya - nonsense; skusku - silliness; malmese - frivolous; zicuäm - ridiculous

Rationality. curaya - reason / imfayir - logically require, entail; appuyan - imply, suggest; degriman - deduce; onvizhien - conclude by induction; metulerec - analyze

Abstraction. curaise - abstract; etaperë, mudhnirtey - general; etasule - particular, concrete

Judgment. celëtir - judge, discern; celdheltan - interpret; vano - alignment, bias; arholotë - prejudice; ovnelse - severe, strict

Problem solving. aguma - problem; bruven - solve; röma - reckoning, calculation; dekashir - reveal; zendonec - clue, indication; zendonecul - hint

Strategy. kensa - stratagem, scheme / kensora - strategy; ftena - plan; zhou - trick; zhuy - way, method; zhuyora - practice, modus operandi

Expectation. vizhien - expect, wait (for) / ishfahec - predict; izhlelen - foresee; izhmetan - prepare; malvizhir - surprise; vizhiát - expectation; voleme - ready; gazimir - suspect, infer

Memory. suzán - memory / suzanen - remember; ublian - forget

Wit. tisire - witty, clever; chismishe - mocking, witty, cuttingly satirical; lerezícue - mocking, amusing, witty

Categorization: 1. Abstract states

Valuation: 31. Valuation

28. ITIAN (SPIRIT)

Ability. fäheca - ability, talent / fähe - able; rhofähe - incapable

Will. vulei - will / nimec - dare; nameran - intend; voleme - willing, ready; vulir - want; vulula - whim, wish; zedenomát - renunciation; zetbeze - self-willed, independent; zuran - wish; cishcöre - apathetic, lacking will; malvoleme - unwilling; with ill will; avulën - voluntary

Decision. ciberden, zet sudir - decide; diveir - choose, select; cierceyen - waver; ukeshen - hesitate

Belief. rhedec - believe / agreni - belief, conviction; agrenuli - opinion, notion; chunashea - orthodoxy; imagrenir - persuade; lelesa - faith; zël - extreme, radical; zhenashea - opinion, received wisdom; zhenrhedao - superstition; zhumbruhan - practice, follow

Doubt. dubir - doubt / borzhe - heretical; findise - schismatic, unorthodox; hipcuraye - skeptical, distrustful of received wisdom; samrhedao - unbelief

Obligation. devir - must, have to; lacheo - duty; see also 35. Morality

Wisdom. mudray - wise / cherene - prudent; gareme - sensible, reasonable; garemora - good sense; imgaran - wise up, talk sense into; zhuyse - practical

Foolishness. niruise - foolish; nrüsk - fool; sancherene - imprudent

Compassion. feyen - pity; chisuemse - sensitive; chivinyát - sympathy; iosu - mercy; inye - kind; zetlacri - self-pity; samvoloe - unfeeling, apathetic; unse - sentimental, cloying

Awe. miura - wonder; nüman - dread; olior - terrifying, awe-inspiring; rhuy - awe, astonishment

Inspiration. appuyan - push, motivate, inspire; caucachir - vt goad; imëlen - inspire, arouse

Hope. chascurec - hope

Liking. ditavan - like, prefer, appreciate / ambrir - love, have a taste for; shatir - like; corhrhaner - cherish

Dislike. akolotan - dislike / disan - hate; anushan - loathe; nizenäm - grudge

29. HUM (PASSIONS)

Anger. fashe - angry / gula - bitterness, spite; gulere - slang angry; gurísh - wrath, ire; ktudh - wrath

Curiosity. etitrát - interest, curiosity; samolotë - lack of interest

Desire. iduran - desire; óndelan - yearn for, long for; prosoter - jump for, clamor for; akolotan - spurn, scorn

Dream. son - dream; nizontu - nightmare

Excitement. huntene - excited / cumfriser - thrill; kezha - zeal, enthusiasm; möcre - jittery, upset; skukair - be bored

Fear. nkash - fear / arafát - terror; gövec - panic; nüman - dread / zhombren - frighten; zhombrulen - alarm

Happiness. lerezhe - happy / äser - merry; bekame - comfortable; bonürë - ecstatic; crete - glad; cuelzulë - proud, clean, happy; estair - exult; malmese - frivolous, light-hearted; mísia - fun; pler - pleasure; ravi - delight; templeran - enjoy; tichure - merry, happy; zul - joyous; zhazharce - joyful, boisterous

Pain. chivi - pain / suspilaven - suffer; sram - shame; see also 36. Sin

Sadness. pëse - sad / chasishshelec - despair; dëlaun - sad amid triumph; frodhe - grim, dismal; ilacrir - lament; milüür - sad, poignant; nizhnise - miserable; orusse - melancholy; pyerir - regret; siblec - disappointing; shushcholotan - mourn; tibri - sorrow, grief

Worry. itësir - worry / orivura - worry, concern; skichiy - tense; torde - tense, uptight

30. IDEAS

Idea. yela - idea / eta - topic; mizeta - topic, subject; paveta - mention, reference

Truth. oresta - truth / dhaye - correct, right; orestashe - veritable; prile - real; sadesa - truth, genuineness; sënul - certain / indhayec - certain; perë oresta - principle

Error. budhaye - wrong / dham - error, mistake; fsiy - false, untrustworthy; fsiduisir - deceive; lezhel - lie; zet tromir - be wrong, be mistaken

Facts. shrifta - knowledge; surdena - fact

Notation. dum - note, memorandum / binea - list / induman - record; imbineyan - list, register

Theory. mizhao - theory; nimashir - assume; permizec - suppose

Proof. curayora - argument, proof, discourse; onteca - demonstration, experiment; onten - show, demonstrate; perzhano - source of an idea or opinion; pol - grounds, basis; sascuraya - inquiry; uklo - proof

Disproof. akontu - disproof; fsiüklo - fallacy

Explanation. etadel - description; imyasen - explain; condhayec - justify; prokio - reason; ptaleo - hypothesis; coverage (of the facts)

Teach. imbeman - teach / adshriften - instruct; smeruir - educate / indhulan - tutor

Learn. divrec - learn / visanir - study

Teacher. imbemec - teacher; osän - master, tutor; shriftom - doctor, professor

Student. echomu - schoolboy; smeric - student, disciple, candidate; tellec - seeker after knowledge, postulant; zentene - literate

School. echom - school / avisar - secondary school, academy; smernáe - professional college; shriftanáe - university; suméria - 1st level degree; scrifteca - 2nd leve degree

urek - lesson, class; culë - course; zontor - term / caumen - blow off; fálshuec - cram

The standard curriculum. hiceteviso - mathematics; aladhea - music; cadhino - Cadhinor; aluatas - grammar; eyurcrivát - rhetoric, poetry; pleschura - history; kestora - natural philosophy; lätát - athletics

See also 54. Science

31. VALUATION

Goodness. dobre - good / andor - mighty; beldobre - good, lovely, satisfying; buona - cool, good; creche - pleasant; dobrásh - wonderful; este - great; rodo - nice; telnë - fine; trastoshte - excellent

Badness. durnë - bad / bakt - terrible; ecaë - horrible; kodäm - abomination; kazchal - nasty; mal - poor, bad, wrong; nënë - naughty

Dirtiness: 17. Water

Change. immelioran - improve; cumpugan - perfect; indurnen - worsen

Praise. eglérec - praise / lonëglér - acclamation

Dispraise. malmizec - speak ill of / dhamlelen - criticize; klevan - slander, demean; ocorbir - insult; acceoren - admonish; basashshe - inferior

Assessment. covaler - assess the value of

Comparison. coashir - compare, match / valer - compare (values)

Worth valát - value, worth, merit; valer - be worth, merit

Genuineness. husil - genuine, real; podline - authentic, real; sade - true, genuine, authoritative

Importance. agoläm - important / bolëde - major; shofe - chief, main; tibäm - urgent

Unimportance. rhoagoläm - unimportant / muane - minor; santele - mere; samvale - worthless

Utility. otibruhe - useful / agbüte - useless; doblädan - fit, be fitting; mallädan - clash

Similarity. comshayne - similar / cotuepen - balance, equal; comshaynir - resemble; huepe - equal; nenë - same; samidikon - alike

Dissimilarity. dheler - differ / samlëce - separate; des - various

Usualness. chilise - usual, ordinary / vizhul - ordinary, expected, familiar; tutan - daily, quotidian; cunire - tedious; shinenë - monotonous; zhenshate - popular

Unusualness. urze - strange / idikós - special; idiko - peculiarity; isoncre - irregular; rhovizhul - unexpected, unfamiliar; zhendise - unpopular

Sample. ledha - example, sample; ledhise - representative, typical; gonicore - consistent

32. TEMPERAMENT

iscreniora - temperament, disposition; zetteneo - attitude, air

ur clay --> urise - mortal, fallible; urete - down to earth, practical

Good sense: 28. Itian (Spirit)

mey water --> mese - benevolent, wise, tender; happy, playful

Benevolence. shatametec - friendly / caltose - optimistic; comdruke - amiable; dombrichan - large-hearted, generous of spirit; eleute - frank, free, open, generous; voleme - benevolent; volemát - good will

Tenderness. azhele - tender / eshinyát - lovingkindness; timely - gentle

Light-heartedness. malmese - frivolous, light-hearted, silly

Wisdom, compassion: 28. Itian (Spirit)

dhumë stone --> dhumise - strong, determined, patient

Determination. déneca - persistence; nusse - determined, dedicated, tenacious

Patience. fadhne - patient; araste - careful, painstaking, patient

Calm. peil - peaceful; rhozhive - inactive; zhelse - calm / imzhelen - calm

Gravity. ishet - solemn, grave; medrëse - pompous

Impatience. rhodhumise - impatient

endi wood --> enil - quiet, shy, timid

Quietness. tihy - quiet / paléty - pathetic, sad, sorrowful

Shyness. gigitse - cautious, shy / plóe - bashful; sotse - nervous; surre - solitary

Delicacy. sheli - grace, delicacy / dichy - sweet, nice; didhitise - delicate, pretty, otherworldly; mëf - wondrous, childlike, loving; nezhne - delicate

Timidity. fufur - timid; körhy - cowardly

gent metal --> geteme - strong, powerful, with the qualities of a leader

Strength. zol - strong / brushe - tough; cleir - majestic, powerful, assured; dálues - jovial, strong, powerful; guesse - powerful; mädörn - powerful, triumphant, jovial; medro - nobility, greatness of heart; rhis - free

Bravery. taye - brave; rhavy - valorous

Weakness. cishitë - weak / malgeteme - ineffectual, weak

tshur fire --> mëril - fiery, bold, energetic

Boldness. pondre - bold, audacious; sankuse - desperate, rash

Fierceness. oge - ferocious; onumnë - fierce; büne - violent

Energy. zhive - lively, active / dunetene - energetic; elil - vigorous; elirát - vitality, liveliness

shalea air --> shaleme - intellectual, unwordly, ivory-tower

Intelligent. 27. Razum (Mind)

Cultured. 57. Art and culture

33. SOCIETY

General. celzhene - social; munese - civic, public; sënzise - social; zhuca - role, part

Behavior. mör - custom, way; zet duisir - behave; zetduisi - behavior

Agenda. blidhräm - affairs, agenda; blidhren - be busy, occupy oneself with; fasco - business, affairs, occupation; fascotene - busy; bistren - bustle

Routine. tutfascea - routine; melürec - go on one's rounds; sënza - occupation, things to do; zhese - casual; corëe - formal

Group. oligu - group / bort - band, gang; céshuash - tribe; clechura - cabal; naroda - crowd, the masses; sora - community; zhen - people; imlädan - join; azhlädan - disperse

Association. cunculë - organization; cumoterát - fellowship; cumbutát - company; cumonora - league

Togetherness. anát - union, unity

Separateness. samlëce - separate; surreca - solitude; acotia - sequestration

Worldliness. sënza - human affairs, society; rhonurul - boorish, uncultured

Worldly. munénë - worldly, adroit / saláncë - experienced, capable, jaded, cynical; cumorge - bitter, cynical, angry at the world; hipcuraye - jaded, cynical, world-weary; sënzec - worldly; busy with career or society; dhuncöre - misanthropic, uncharitable, disgusted with the world, mocking

Egalitarianism is a new and still radical idea in Verdurian society; the overwhelming reality, generally sanctioned by religion and law, is of hierarchy-- great distinctions in wealth and power. Under traditional Cadhinorian thought, differences in rank correlate to differences in value. The gap between theory and practice was always evident, of course, but was taken as grounds to exhort nobles to live up to their class, rather than to abandon moral justifications for aristocracy. Cuzeian and Eledhe thought has always emphasized the equality of all ranks before God, and so does some modern Cadhinorian philosophy.

Hierarchy. rän - rank; ränát - hierarchy / chunima - emblem, arms

Class. ränora - social class / medro, melashtora - nobility; adhomát - clergy; lechen - bourgeoisie (professionals, fine craftsmen, merchants); shalemora - intelligentsia (artists, scholars, clerics); rhezhenát - lower class (laborers, soldiers, shopkeepers, servants); hutorát - peasantry; vechora - rabble; milyö - criminals; tenuora - class of serfs

Superiority. irränë - superior / irtëse - supreme; chinecan - run, manage, boss; hozën - steward, host, head of a household; iresan - control; irlelen - oversee; mashir - master; ireste - supreme

Inferiority. deprosec - subordinate, inferior / colaprec - assistant; konsec - advisor / deprosan - depend on, be subordinate to; kadulolf - brown-noser; mësan - serve, follow; nizhny - prone, subjected, unresisting; promevec - agent; snucan - serve; utekec - hanger-on

Honorifics. grazhenka - Mrs., Miss; grazhenom - Mister; osän - master, tutor; samnome - anonymous; sannei - lady; sanno - lord; shriftom - doctor, professor

Servants. snugá - servant / devhezec - indentured servant; fifachic - personal attendant; hipom - underling; ishnugá - handmaid; pretäro - valet, manservant; rhezhzhina - maid; voyul - messenger / tenu - serf; basom - slave

See also 42. Government

For Verdurian noble titles and families, see The Kingdom of Verduria

34. SOCIAL INTERACTION

Friendship. shatabi - friendship / colädan - complement, get along; cumlädan - accompany; girulen - hang out with; rëco - acquantaince; shatashir - love as a friend

Stranger. rhoshriful - stranger / eprazho - newcomer; isezhesom - outsider; kanheu - foreigner; lacuec - settler, immigrant; óuand - neighbor

Meeting. rëcen - meet / cuesrëco - introduction; isuvát - date, rendez-vous; lezhiren - wait for; onlel - meeting again; onrëcen - meet, get together; pasetir - visit; kodan - avoid

Hospitality. donculë - hospitality / cuero - host; hotu - guest; rëcora - company, audience

Activities. audec - receive, host, put up; dörmetan - dismiss; cuesrëcen - introduce; emayec - greet; midhen - celebrate; rurotá - social error, faux pas; zhesglashan - invite

Social grace. belacát - courtesy, chivalry; bal - tact; baltene - tactful; prolesse - charming

Party. culë - gathering, reception / chena - dinner party; fësho - ball, dance; izhprandora - cocktail party; midhë - celebration

Polite formulas. dëkuir - thank; dobrezhanul! welcome!

See also Conventional expressions in the Grammar

INTERRELATIONSHIPS

Annoyance. agasan - annoy; bobren - embarass; genir - bother; rhoadfere - insupportable; blidhrom - a busybody; litno - pest, parasite; zhoziser - irritate

Benefit. dobrefassec - benefit / alihar - advantage; benir - bless; colapren - help; iosul - favor; pleran - please; proven - guide; ravir - delight / mélnite - thankful

Care. cumásuir - nurse; care, care for; flegan - nurse; hipcurec - uphold, support; orivuran - care about; ucörte - precious

Esteem. lon - honor, esteem / ayurec - idolize, worship, be devoted to; brac - glory; capir - revere; ditavan - like, appreciate; dobrelóg - reputation; hiponto - homage; incurec - impress; yanir - admire

Fame. inclaë - famous / sfahul - latest rage, celebrity; rhoshriful - unknown

AMUSEMENT

Amusement. rizuir - amuse / cotrhez - hobby; mísia - fun; ralenan - entertain; ridir - laugh; ridonec - funny; tëspitir - carouse, revel; zovec - play

Game. shendu - game / bodhpila - kickball, soccer; bütî - game resembling pétanque or bocce; cäselî - wagering game; chem - card; ecuni - knights-and-kings; eftäpu - tag; firusta - maze; geteta - dice; káshuek - hide-and-seek; kiel-e - puzzle; parë - gamble, bet / desisec - opponent; falek - game piece; hicet - score

Toy. zhuë - toy / brub - block; duta - doll; glispava - sled; letusok - kite; pavonka - toy wagon; pilke - ball; sëvo - puppet; tiplok - hobbyhorse

Sport. lätát - athletics; sirhcura - tournament, bout / celäu - sword-fighting; cirabectia - gymnastics; cupi - boxing; dhiec - racing; luria - wrestling; nuotu - swimming; shishát - archery / irzoväm - prize

Clown. rhulo - clown; usuku - jester

Celebration. midhë - celebration; vlesta - fair, festival, market

Joke. 58. Speech

35. MORALITY

Virtue. aelutrát - virtue, righteousness / adhán - both elut and seor; chiste - pure; elut - lawfulness, fair play; seor - clean, moral; tau - the moral code

Justice. raf - just / olute - fair; räfes - just, right, sane, satisyingly true; agazhë - involved, active, outraged / olotrazhec - deserve, rate

Innocence. sanchuce - innocent

Forgiveness. dhiloran - forgive, pardon

Duty. sfay - duty / curesát - responsibility; lachan - ought, must, should; hozënát - trust, stewardship, duty; sfaise - dutiful

Humility. smire - humble, simple; zettihy - modest

Abstinence. zetcuro - abstinence / meremát - moderation; scustebrát - mortification / imseoran - purify

Trustworthiness. orest - true, loyal / cepele - loyal, faithful, chaste; cunësan - trust; gucöreca - integrity; lelesë - faithful, believable; lonse - honorable; oticunëse - trustworthy; virny - loyal

Truthfulness. prade - honest

See also 55. Religion; and see Almean Belief Systems

36. SIN

Temptation. iskusha - temptation / immochir - corrupt, lead into vice; detombe - decadent

Sin. deväm - sin / prigy - vice; travët - crime

Confession. zet kazec confess, admit / rodher - excuse

Shame. sram - shame / bobrul - embarassed; lukul - guilty

Ill repute. mallog - disrepute / akolotë - dislike, disdain; dis - hate; anusheo - loathing; mallon - dishonor

Maliciousness. akzhény - malicious, mean; atüchy - rascal; comlefe - wolfish, malicious; chivicole - sadistic; chuch - bastard, asshole; durnil - malign, pernicious, virulent; eshro - bully; köby - mean; pavichan - petty; samiose - merciless; samsrame - shameless, scoundrel; sferil - brutal

Pride. orgöl - pride / sannanke - arrogant; zetbracse - vain, conceited, full of oneself; zetmeyec - selfish / zet raconter - brag, boast

Envy. izziëcse - jealous / vuläde - ambitious

Sloth. pigre - lazy / cämec - be idle; cishcöre - apathetic, lacking will, slothful; fazis - deadbeat; härom - slowpoke; samvoloe - apathetic, uncaring; zetzol - stubborn

Greed. kunvule - greedy / hundusil - materialistic, worldly; bizhno - upstart; puye - upstart, bold, elbowing; zueme - gluttonous

Falseness. fsiy - false, disloyal / maldobre - hypocritical; mauprade - dishonest; rhocepele - unfaithful; sangucöre - corrupt, unprincipled; dhuvësäm - not to be trusted

Betrayal. trair - betray; sosir - rat, squeal

Deception. fsiduisir - deceive / sytenec - hold back, retain, hold out; tromir - fool; zamben - feign, pretend, ape

Trick. áiochak - trap; zhou - trick

Fraud. izziëcen - deprive, defraud / imchuzen - screw, rip off

Injustice. gazhë - unjust, oppressive / akrafne - unfair

Theft. velen - steal / akprenan - rob (take with violence); deprenan - steal, remove; dochuven - pilfer; imumbrir - steal (at night or surreptitiously) / kaltén - thief; maticom - pickpocket; urulec - footpad, sneak

Organized crime. milyö - underground / bort - gang; bortom - bandit, gangster; rhusiom - thug; zëbortom - buccanneer; zëcuchom - pirate / finta - boss, capo

See also 45. Money, 41. Sex

37. CONFLICT

Bodily fight. cupan - box, fight; luren - wrestle

Guard. hezhan - guard / akezhan - protect; cumbrigan - defend; zhoren - secure, make safe

Resistance. aklädan - resist / adisan - reject; agechir - refuse, waive; desisir - oppose, contradict; azhbrugiven - dodge

Blow. badhir - hit / atikan - sting; bodhan - kick; cup - blow; cyager - flog; gunchec - bump; imvalitan - knock down; kdhuzec - stab; pafan - swat; neletan - pounce; sytäven - strike against; täven - strike

Win. irzovec - win / bufan - beat; ceshtan - overthrow; imnizhnyen - overpower, force to submit; akpuyan - repel

Lose. eshuir - lose / izbanen - mismanage, screw up; spurir - give up

Harm. dhevan - harm / shutkrof - bloodshed; vazhir - hurt, wound; opfë - victim; soclezir - torture

Kill. kekan- kill / igozhen - slaughter; shezhuven - strangle / kekom - assassin

Revenge. nizener - avenge; disnurir - resent

Pursuit, escape: 12. Movement

Discord. malcoli - discord; findise - divisive; neletse - aggressive; zhicocole - quarrelsome

Verbal conflict. etasosir - gossip; etertotan - argue; gromnec - threaten; kazec - accuse; ocorbir - insult; zicuan - mock; zizigesa - intrigue; zhicoir - dispute, quarrel

Outside involvement. vanan - align, side with; rhovanesa - neutrality; celzhanen - intervene; propreser - intercede; onshatashir - reconcile

38. WAR

Army. falata - army / mily - legion; taknosh - battalion; navirora - navy; vrakora - host, opposing army; shualcot - cavalry; nagacot - infantry / cletana - military academy; cumshadom - escort; gechom - vanguard

Places. rhuk- castle; caln - fortress; keshnáe - camp; shofkeshnáe - headquarters

Soldier. voyak - soldier/ haleza - xaleza; sabelgom - veteran; redhreul - desk officer, aide; sanci - new recruit / vrak - enemy; belaca platula - mercenary / raumen - insignia

Spoils. goler - loot; graven - pillage, plunder; mat - capture, seizure; stupen - rape, despoil

Verdurian military ranks.

The Redhreo i Belgo (Minister of War) in the King's Council is the commander of all Verdurian armed forces, responsible only to the King. By contrast with the American system, this position is filled by an army officer.

There are usually several belgsannoi (generals) commissioned at one time; during wartime the generals in one theater of war may be subordinate to one shofe belgsanno.

The Verdurian navy is a division of the army, so that a culso normally is subordinate to a belgsanno.

Army		Navy
belgsanno	general
cefsanno	castle commander	culso	commodore (fleet commander)
chedeshro	colonel	nabro	captain (ship commander)
alchiro	major
shiro	lieutenant	shiro	lieutenant
kobom	sergeant	kobom	ensign
voyak	common soldier	azurom	common sailor

39. LOVE AND MARRIAGE

Desire: 41. Sex

Gender. muatëra - sex (half of race) / ser - male; zhonë - female

Beauty. beluán - beautiful / shön - handsome, pretty; minyón - cute; rezhne - fair, pretty; zhaye - foxy, a knockout; zhnea - attractiveness / eyuren - adorn

Ugliness. ezhcud - ugly / dhëse - homely, plain; dhunmishekse - extremely ugly; fäbshue - tacky; okronte - hideous; rhoshön - unattractive

Romance. fsora - romance / fsorora - relationship, affair; piflec - flirt, coquette; pifler - flirt; piflora - crush, flirtation; luzhure - affectionate; manoricole - affectionate / esyule - dear

Lover. besyun - lover, boyfriend; besya - lover, girlfriend

Engagement. celftena - engagement; nosäm - engaged / cumeliräm - fiancé; marileshel - bride-price

Wedding. nos - wedding; nosnochy - honeymoon / lebmaris - groom; lebmare - bride; zur - benediction / velashir - elope

Marriage. marian - marry; marisa - marriage / maris - husband; cira, mare - wife

Divorce. adis - divorce; trancören - divorce (v.)

40. FAMILY

Ancestry. anëdec - descendant; anëdul - ancestor

Children. imfát - child; sefo - boy; zhina - girl; ane - eldest; dvanes, zhemna - twin; pidha - baby

Status. ammedh - eldest child, heir; pernese - firstborn; ismarise - legitimate; cogul - illegitimate, bastard; sampire - orphan (without parents); sanzhenate - without a family; onaudec - adopt

Verbs. kedhen - bear children; lememan - beget; meyan - spoil; nurir - rear

Name. nom - given name; pirei - patronymic; zhenata - family name; nomako - nickname

Parents. ani - parent / piro - father; mira - mother, mima - mommy, mama

Grandparents. avo - grandfather; ava - grandmother / predavo/a - great-grandfather (mother) / avulo/a - great-uncle (aunt) / onavulo/a - great-uncle's son (daughter)

Children. medh - son; meca - daughter

Grandchildren. nepo - grandson; nepa - granddaughter / onnepo/a - great-grandson (daughter)

Siblings. baradhu - brother; sädra - sister

Nephews. nemo - nephew; nema - niece / onnemo/a - nephew's son (daughter)

Uncles and aunts. vlay - uncle; vlaya - aunt

Cousins. kuzo/a - cousin; kuzulo/a - second (or more distant) cousin / onkuzo/a - cousin's son (daughter) / onkuzulo/a - second cousin's son (daughter)

In-laws. bola - an in-law / nora - daughter-in-law; süra - mother-in-law; ulëc - brother-in-law

See the Grammar of Verdurian, Kinship terms

41. SEX

Have sex. rashir, cumnuven, genteelisms cumlübec, pasetir, lübec im nuven, mifan/prenan paktrogulam, colloquial tocan, risdan, sevan nilna*, slang shuten sur*, sishen*, trichec*, obscene futruir

Intercourse. rasha, genteelism lübor sirise, slang toc, sish*, tricho* - sexual intercourse; ispuyan, slang gobachir - ejaculate; tosceio - orgasm

Have oral sex. tezhrashir, slang shuyan, tezhktüec, obscene polfutruir*

Foreplay. izhovi - foreplay; / acotura - seduction; dochatir - excite with the fingers; levatir, slang labir - kiss; manoren - caress; paluen - fondle; porocesen - massage; yezhluran - stimulate, arouse; zetrogulo - masturbation; dhumpalel - lesbian lovemaking (not considered sinful in a heterosexual)

Desire. idureo - desire / dyuzh - lust; dhorina - passion; lübotene - passionate

Woman. redelcë, slang rhédë, obscene riasni*, kaduloma*, baco*, cruy*, kuda*, sishkuda* - woman; frälina, slang zhina, tilka, koshka, nilne* - young woman, girl; cirula - the little woman, my old lady; fodro* - bitch; ryotka* - frigid, unwilling to put out; rhovoitula - virgin; rhuzë - chesty, bosomy; sevnilna - easy girl, tramp; zhaye, luana - fox, looker

Breasts. limura, slang gara, narnë

Vagina. shagati, vlagishe, slang alcalë, ánselcud, kuda*, obscene baco*, cruy*, sishkuda*

Penis. frond; slang urk, tecai, prozec, leta*, pro*, obscene gob

Reproduction. lememát - reproduction / ilëgárda, zhonkrof, slang dvazhoc - menstruation; ris - sperm; risora - semen; huvon - egg; leblirát - conception; risdan, slang cundrozhir - impregnate; nasitát - pregnancy; slang rälec, tabosáshe, cundrozhul* - pregnant; nes - birth; malnesan - miscarry, abort

Prostitution. salui, slang lescoma, guya, proletka - prostitute; ketuom, slang leful - pimp; ketuoma - madam; ketu, slang saluyora - brothel

Forbidden fruits. mallübor - sexual immorality / acoturom - seducer; berana - harem; beranë - concubine; cogia - adultery; deníe, obscene foirachul - homosexual male; dyuzh - lust; kadutocan, obscene foirachir - have anal sex; kazhina - mistress; kechezhil - pornography; malamórë - lustful, perverse; nilnura - womanizing; pizarda - desire for children or icëlanî; pleronáe - pleasure dome; pona - homosexual, mannish woman; lufe, suin - loose; rhocepele - unfaithful; stupen - rape; tëspler - orgy; zuchuy - perversion

Other terms. lue - voluptuous; lübise - erotic, sexual, romantic; paktrogulo - sexual intimacy or favor; plero - sensual pleasure; rashe - sexual

42. GOVERNMENT

Noble titles and estates.

As used in Verduria and most other countries in the Plain.

dalu	king	dálua	kingdom
shoh	duke	shohy	duchy
surcont	marquis	surcontana	marquisate
cont	count, earl	contana	county
hipcont	viscount	hipcontana	viscountcy
beom	baron	beomana	barony
beomul	baronet (honorary)
shaden	knight

Civil titles and jurisdictions

In Verduria noble estates are subject to the civil authorities, with the partial exception of shohî and surcontanî, which belong to a given fetöra but not to a shana. Mazhtanî (cities) are also not considered part of a shana.

dalu	king	dálua	kingdom
sazhuro	governor	fetöra	province
esar	prefect	shana	district
rhivo	mayor	mazhtana	city
kesharo	steward	keshana	borough
aldhoro	village chief	aldea	village

Verdurian military hierarchy: 38. War

Ancient Cadhinorian hierarchy

The Cadhinor titles are also given, as well as a numerical rank to tie the various hierarchies together. The Verdurian equivalents are used not only for the writing of history, but in certain legal contexts; some of them are even current in some parts of the Plain.

1	ATRABEI	elordalu	emperor	ATRABANTOS	eloria	empire
2	DALU	sazë	prince	NAIUNOS	nazh	realm
3	SCOKHOS	sazhuro	governor	PETHUERA	sazhuna	division
4	ESARKH	esar	prefect	SCANNA	shana	district
5	COMITOS	comit	count	COMITANDA	comitana	county
6	DUSORION	altom	headman	PAGOS	pag	rural district
	Urban
2	SANNO	sanno	lord	SATRANDA	mazhtana satrë	free city
5	AMARUOS	rhivo	mayor	MACTANA	mazhtana	city
6	KESCARION	kesharo	steward	KESCANDA	keshana	city borough
6	BANLORION	loryo	overseer	KESUIE	kesuë	lands (about a city)
6	DUSORION	altom	headman	CUMUNDA	cumuna	town
6	ALATHORION	aldhoro	elder	ALADEIA	aldea	village
	Military
3	SAIURION	sazhuro	governor	SAIUNDA	sazhuna	division
4	ESARKH	esar	prefect	SCANNA	shana	district
5	CALENORION	cefsanno	warlord	CALENOS	caln	fortress

Other leaders. altom - leader / anor - elder; burom - officer; chinek - boss; loryo - overseer; shofom - chief; altu - tyrant; gintrovelec - usurper

Regions. cunnazh - confederacy; eshcontana - grand county; imletuen - precinct, grounds; nazh - state, realm (focus on legal jurisdiction); pázhian - land (focus on area); pironáe - fatherland; scuri - country (focus on community); stal - seat (land within an estate pertaining to the chief lord, not a vassal); kesuë - land attached to a noble or religious post, generally administered by a loryo; grannáe - borderland

Govern. rhusec - govern / duisir - lead; nachal - rule; rhucor - government; lunuran - appoint; denomen - dismiss; ranát - bureaucracy, the establishment; lunureo - department

Rule. nazhan - rule, reign / dallengát - reign; imalten - accede; imameto - investiture; indaluát - coronation; satre - sovereign; tengintro - dynasty; velgintro - usurpation

Institutions. Biyetora - Assembly empowered to elect a king; Eschambra - the Verdurian Parliament; Konselora - King's Council; Kunasha - the Treasury; Mazhtane Kal - City Forum; nazhdenë - state messenger service; mazhtansäte - town hall; redhreo - ministry; sheíra - palace; shofmazhtana - capital

Politics. guézzovi - politics / crivogués - bureaucracy; cummev - collective action; chambra - council; gués - power; ledhul - representative / dëguran - negotiate; guézzovir - enter into politics; ziziger - intrigue

Parties. fako - political party / bomrhanec - conservative; imräfë - progressive; oligom, sëoligom - partisan, supporter; Desisec Fako - the Opposition; oligu - faction, clique; cumonora - league

Votes. elusir - vote / biyeta- royal vote; debiyetan - remove from the electorship; tësvuáë - unanimous

Foreign affairs. ruscurë - foreign / bocteica - diplomacy; boctura - tribute; gran - border; dalom - ambassador; hipdalom - consul; kanheu - outlander; mevel - treaty; prezuden - passport

Symbols. cistila - crown; corë - court; gintro - sash of office; yesta - throne; znura - flag, banner

Types. burogués - bureaucracy; dálugues - monarchy; elusigués, sandálua - republic; meláshtegues - aristocracy; oligugués - oligarchy; zhéngues - democracy

43. NATIONALITIES

The Plain. barahine - Barakhuni; benécy - Benecian; caizure - Caizuran; coriy - Curiyan; cunnazhise - Svetlan; ismaë - Ismaîn; kachan - Kachanzan; kebrén - Kebreni; mutkünise - Mútküni; obenzaye - Obenzayan; verdúry - Verdurian

Ancient times. cadhin - Cadhinorian; cuzeë - Cuzeian; ül muhnar - Monkhayic; munkeashise - Munkhâshi; sarilo - Easterner

Barbarians. malsfaom - barbarian; iovu - nomad / rudom - hunter/gatherer; eluyemakshy - Eluye-Makshi; rafsany - Rafsani; zanuy - Zanui

Outside the plain. ahuene - Xurnese; belshaine - of Belshai; dhekname - Dhekhnami; karaum - Qarau; lenanë - Lenani; muhnar - Monkhayu; nanilo - Nanese (n.); odaivun - from O-Dayevu; rhanore - Rhânori; sarnar - Sarnaean; shurë - Skourene

Races. falom - white man; taëse - relating to the Taëse (eastern Ereláean) race

Eledhe. ebrene - Jewish; elenike - Greek

Other intelligent races: 19. Animals

See also: Cultures of Almea

44. LAW

Authority. droë - right, power, authority; nachalát - authority, rule

Status. amrabise - de jure; guésise - de facto; nomise - nominal; pázhiom - citizen; munese - public; ziëcse - private

Person. ctel - person, party; uom - party, individual

Trial. lichy - lawsuit, trial / asha - session; sud - court / voitec lichín - sue; orivan lichim - appeal; prosfahen - represent; málemel - complaint; malemiles - plaintiff

Enforcement. cilu - police, guardsmen; keshuen - arrest

Accusation. kazec - accuse; culpir - blame; bäzec - claim

Confession. zet kazec confess, admit; rodher - excuse

Judgement. celëtir - judge, discern / curien - deliberate, consider; nomen - deem; ovnel - judgment; sudir - judge, condemn; sudiel - decision, sentence

Guilt. sanchucesa - innocence / lukul - guilty; sanchuce - innocent

Punishment. skazia - punishment / kozuir - cast out, exile; sudir - condemn; skazir - punish / gécul - dungeon; tyurma - prison

Obedience. imuran - obey; urokeshen - fulfill (a duty); agmuran - disobey; trolädan - violate

Permission. mifan - allow; prodan - grant /azhmifan - revoke; rhomifan - prohibit; isletuen - forbid

Legal forms. chaset - stamp, seal; den - form; fizir - seal; glashul - announcement, notice; hribret - license; iduret - court order, writ; matuäm - warrant; mevel - contract; precet - petition; prokibi - proclamation; vocet - summons, subpoena / crivan - write, fill out; dan - issue; imbineyen - list, record, enter; imivren - register

Ownership. ziecurec - own / attenec - belong; rhaner - keep; imesan - occupy; cuncurec - hold jointly / fsitenec - hold under false pretenses

Property. ziëca - property / imletuen - grounds, lot; kesel - with associated lands; kesuë - land; zhescaln - domain, dominion

Inheritance. delazhec - receive, inherit; pirodonul - inheritance

Feudalism. oray - estate, fief; orayec - vassal, fiefholder; orayul - overlord, lord

Freedom. rhisát - freedom / incoren - royal hostage; tyurmul - prisoner; devhezec - indentured servant; basom - slave; tenu - slave / imrhisan - free

Theft: 36. Sin

45. MONEY

Gems: 16. Substances

Coins of Eretald: Kingdom of Verduria document

Buy/Sell. emec - buy; zhusir - sell / primetan - offer; dëguran - haggle, negotiate; prinimec - accept; cumaudët - conditions; agechir - reject; ashetir - redeem; proskadec - compensate

Spend. dorshetir - spend / dan - give, spend; platir - pay; trodan - waste money

Price. adezhel - cost, purchase price (buyer's perspective); leshel - price, selling price (seller's perspective) / sholiser - cost; naschura - fee

Costliness. kundimo - expense / bilic - cheap; kunondise - expensive; rës - costly; rhanäm - valuable

Poverty. licre - poor / pricurec - beggar; pugeise - bankrupt; sankune - penniless; feyel - alms; nagobo - hobo

Riches. bogaty - rich / munifa - splendor; obad - prosperous; opon - wealth

Luxury. telnëra - luxury / comdalue - princely, luxurious; fintát - quality; berhotá - bad taste

Savings. fanir - save / alcalë - treasure; matica - purse

Accounting. römát - accounting / andedau - profit; crif - ledger; demedau - loss; dumora - account, file; dürí - credit; dürio - asset; gocrea - balance sheet; isuväm - payable; kedimo - bill, check; pória - liability; porui - debit; prosnucosh - receipt; voitäm - receivable

Opposites. dürí - credit; porui - debit / dürio - asset; pória - liability / hiptosheo - deficit / lagu - income; zhüngu - expenses

Investment. keladan - invest / bemát - capital; kela - stake, interest

Loan. mutec - loan; muchir - borrow; deväm - debt, obligation; gëmésha - mortgage

Taxes. decë - tithe, tax; deskuna - toll; imröma - customs; Kunasha - the Treasury

Rent. dörlöen - rent (what lessee does); imloën - rent out (what lessor does); loën - rent (either); loy - rent (payment)

Betting. parir - bet, gamble; zakladan - bet, wager, contest

Tendency to spend. clesny - frugal; shupo - miser; zhure - generous; trodonec - spendthrift

Abuses. corp - bribe; durnkun - extortion; nogachia - usury

46. TRADE

Business. cumbutát - partnership, company / cumbutom - partner; innesan - found; prorivan - advertise; rheznáe - workshop; snucäm - customer

Types of business. akeshui - insurance; celkunom - moneychanger; fascom - manufacturer; kedhnáe - factory; kunnáe - bank, brokerage; lescom - merchant; lescomásh - merchant prince; lescomul - shopowner; ruzhkunom - moneylender; zhusec - vendor

Employment. munëi - job, career, task / mondan - hire, employ; isuvuan - fire; samrheze - unemployed; prolazhec - earn; lodimo - wages / chinek - boss; mondec - employer; redh - clerk; rhezec - worker

47. CRAFT

Rest. proshalea - rest; cäma - holiday; azhuvea - vacation

Experience level. etec - dabbler, novice; ebrák - apprentice; lebom - novice; neronom - full guild member; osän - master

Crafts. medhiát - craft / curulelát - navigation; dhitelát - engineering; dhumát - masonry; egulát - sewing; endya - carpentry; felát - sailing; fevát - carving; genturoki - metalworking; gunát - armormaking; impuyát - printing; orhurokec - goldsmithing, orhiznakir - emblazon; pazhakát - mapmaking, impazhaken - map; säteviso - architecture; sizhnáe - smithy, täven - forge; teloro - instrument maker; testasát - weave, testasosh - loom / urokec - maker, forger, creator

For Verdurian guilds, see The Kingdom of Verduria

48. CITY

Parts of city. keshana - borough; ezhes - neighborhood, quarter / Scafiora - waterfront (Thieves') Quarter in Verduria

Roads. dhitel - road / ban - passage, way; berda - path, trail; desi - bridge; esdhitel - highway; prosia - (main) street; prosúlia - minor street; ruiso - alley; scafi - dock

see also 12. Movement

Open land. shushnáe - cemetary; niëma - park; lagana - square; toranda - fountain

Buildings. cebrel - building; donta - block

Government. densäte - archives; gécul - dungeon; imrömora - customs-house; kal - forum; redhreo - ministry; sheíra - palace

Food and lodging. anieprusi - singles bar; chaináe - tearoom; hornáe - hotel; caunáe - coffeehouse; lesteo - restaurant; nuvora - dormitory; prusi - inn; vifmitáe - tavern; zerlesteo - 'pizzeria' / pitu - tip

see also 24. Food

Shops. susaré - shop / ivrora - bookseller's; lëkadnáe - apothecary; mershshäte - agora; myasnáe - butchershop; bulonnáe - bakery

Recreation. dhiecnáe - racetrack; lättom - arena; ketu - brothel; onela - bath

Culture. ardënda - monument; crifsäte - scriptorium; furnáe - theater; ivrosäte - library; suzanosh - memorial; shriftanáe - university; taläte - museum

Other. etol - warehouse; kedhnáe - factory; maladnáe - hospital; neronsäte - guild hall; shualnáe - stable

See also 46. Trade, 55. Religion

49. HOUSES

Parts of a room. aknó - window; caro - pane; dher - door; ftalók - ceiling; letuë - wall; pol - floor; churata - hearth; akchaska - firescreen; kasheza - screen, half-wall

Types of house. chayma - tent; skala - hut, hovel; zhatatún - shed, pavilion; atna - cabin; atuny - apartment; sheíra - palace; ubreza - shelter; üvéza - mansion

Rooms in a house. atún - room / audnáe - living room; cave - basement; cayun, dhaonáe - washroom; dosic - hallway; dheratún - vestibule; fannáe - closet, store-room; iretazh - attic; nuvnáe - bedroom; prannáe - dining room; rälnáe - kitchen; säte - hall

Architectural elements. baruk - Cadhinorian patio; cëmura - column, pillar; dazhy - framework; etazh - storey; foruneo - balcony; gorat - tower; ilosha - arch; iloshora - arcade; nizheza - chimney; polfond - foundation; uleta - step; uletora - staircase; zöm - gate; zhof - roof

Outside the house. car - courtyard; puto - well; seft - fence; sitana - yard; zhat - garden

Persons. atunec - roommate; domzhina - chambermaid

Verbs. saten - build; zhesan - live (at)

50. FURNITURE

Seats. ferior - chair / asuena - seat, chair; shama - bench; shamek - stool; zhicse - cushion; nazheza - couch; diván - sofa

Beds. nuva- bed / aran - cradle; pidhnuva - crib; minka - mat / poshásh - mattress; lambra - sheet; surbarúc - blanket; orelosh - pillow

Tables. metta - table / flayka - desk; ray - shelf

Carpetry. escaë - carpet; escatelë - tapestry; forhel - curtain, drapes

Other. fanul - cabinet, chest; galumo - bathtub; pëch - stove; rayora - set of shelves; umo - tub, sink

51. UTENSILS

Cleaning. palanir - sweep; palán - broom; cepil - brush; kirka - rag; buas - sponge

Desk. nozhranosh - scissors; yezhil - pen; fucosh - pencil

Door. ans - handle; ansel - key; ánselcud - keyhole; ber - lock; shëno - hinge

Drink. ciposh - kettle; dhuro - flagon; glacu - mug, stein; lazhna - bottle; stekana - glass; tash - cup; verae - wineglass; bushosh - cork; prenbushosh - corkscrew

Food. chana - pot; chine - dish, plate; pelvo - bowl; rhit - pan; dhazhika - sieve; dasek - tray

Garden/Farm. fac - yoke; gravil - rake; mochüka - hoe; pela - shovel, spade; troz - ax; vili - pitchfork

Grooming. durosh - toothbrush; havlu - towel; peny - comb; razosh - razor; rihë - mirror

Instruments. teleo - instrument; horteleo - clock; chüta - balance; lëtiy - lens; lëtyora - spectacles; mepuyosh - pump; merteleo - gauge; ontedidha - watch; resteklo - telescope; leleza - microscope; shalechüta - barometer; calteleo - thermometer

Light. glaza - lamp; tshurglaza - torch

Metallurgy. sizho - forge, furnace for forging metals; auva - mold

Sewing. testasosh - loom; shnin - pin; egula - needle