Fáralo is the language of Huyfárah, the dominant nation in this part of the world.
In ancient times, the Oltu river valley and the nearby seacoast were divided between two related peoples, the barbaric Faraghin and Feråjin. The civilized world was to the south, along the great Eigə (Aiwa
). The first civilized people were the Ŋouru (Ngauro), who arose in the river delta— Kazəgad— about 4000 years ago. The peoples and wars of the valley were many, but for our purposes the chief fact was the conquest of Kazəgad by the Edák (Ndak), a people who lived upriver, in Lašumu (Latsomo, modern Axôltseubeu).The Edák were themselves conquered more than once, but their edge in population allowed them, each time, to expel or absorb their conquerors. They emerged from the last of these episodes with a new imperial vigor, and set themselves the task of conquering the known world. They reached their greatest extent 2000 years ago under the emperor Siənčæn (Tsinakan): the entire Eigə valley, the southwestern mountains once held by their rivals the Gezoro, a wide stretch of the eastern seacoast, and the lands of the Feraghin and Feråjin.
This latter region they called Hagíbəl (Sau Ibli), the North Coast; they colonized the seacoast and river valleys, leaving the Faraghin (and to a lesser extent the Feråjin) to the mountains, forests, and pasturelands. For some centuries the Edák remained as overlords; then they lost the hinterlands; then the empire collapsed, leaving the local Edák ruling the colonized areas. The local balance of power reversed: the Faraghin hill tribes, accustomed to horses and frequent internecine war, raided the Edák and pillaged or even razed their main settlements.
About 1500 years ago, the Faraghin put aside their usual disunity and conquered the Oltu valley and its capital, Ussor (Uksaur), and then the Edák littoral, which they renamed Huyfárah, the Faraghin Coast. This time, the horsemen were here to stay. Edák society— highly stratified and urbanized— was transformed. As nomads, the Faraghin believe not in real estate and civil protection but in moveable property and honor. For the settled Edák, the archetypical villainy was murder; for the Faraghin it was theft. (Murder could be paid for.)
If this seems ‘barbaric’, we should recognize as well that the Faraghin were much more individualistic and enterprising than the Edák, whose devotion to stability led less to peace than to stagnation. It was possible to move up in Faraghin society, and trade and markets developed here, while the Eigə valley was still dominated by archaic command economies.
The great vice of the Faraghin warrior class was a disinclination, on the death of a respected king, to support their unproven young heirs. The unity of the Oltu lasted only a century; the region then became a squabbling patchwork of baronies; if some ambitious ruler unified them his kingdom would collapse in a few generations. Once the littoral was even temporarily reconquered by a resurgent Kazəgad.
Nonetheless, trade continued to flourish, and the people of Huyfárah developed a great skill in navigation, and explored the littoral a great distance to the east and south.
The turning point was the discovery of the nation of Histuənə (Siixtaguna), to the east, and its religion Etúgə. Its great sage Hutaba preached nubázi ‘the realization’— the realization being that all knowledge is false; only action (etúgə) and belief (mušitugə) are real. Nubázi frees the spirit to live in ifisænə, the spiritual world. (This is an early form of the religion Rory invented for Team One.)
The explorers brought back Etúgeist monks. These were at first mocked, even persecuted and tortured; but their calm conviction and eloquence won respect. Finally the entire country was won over, and the new doctrine not only consolidated Fáralo identity, but brought a new respect for unity and loyalty. The Balanin dynasty, able generals and devout Etúgeists, unified the country, and soon turned to empire-building.
In the last centuries Huyfárah has turned to empire-building. First the Dagæm islands were occupied— a useful acquisition for a maritime empire; then the lands fo the Feråjin just to the east, then Kazəgad— which was by now, however, only a poor shadow of its former glory.
The language of Siənčæn is called Edástə (Ndak Ta); it is the ancestor of the Edastean family, which besides Fáralo includes at least these languages:
i u ei ou e ə o æ a
Consonants
p t k b d g č f s z š h l r m n ŋ w y
Before or after a stressed vowel, o is an approximant— boéi = [bwe], laoma = ['law ma]— but the lips are in position for o, not u.
The singular nominative is marked only by the consonant mutation, a change which we will meet several times in Fáralo morphology.
prefix ‘road’ ‘fruit’ ‘door’ ‘mud’ s. nom. + gou apo dir šimə s. acc. — gou apo tir wimə pl. nom. k- kəgou gapo ktir kwimə pl. acc. z- zgou zapo stir zwimə
The plural nominative is formed by prefixing k-.
Some words, referring to things deemed uncountable, occur only in the plural, e.g. ksoudu ‘sand’, keip ‘grass’.
Example Definite article lu- lu-gou ‘the road’ Indefinite article edu- edu-kgou ‘roads’ This wa- wa-gou ‘this road’ That si- si-zgou ‘those roads’ (acc.)
A conjoined phrase may take the determiners on just the first conjoint: lu-gordo gopə ‘the eyes and ears’.
These derive in a straightforward fashion from Ndak Ta’s determiners, but Fáralo has lost the three-way distinction in demonstratives as well as the oblique/referential distinction among indefinite articles; while the quantifiers have become independent adjectives.
In Ndak Ta the plural/case prefixes were part of the determiner:
Thus:
Fáralo normally forms abstract nouns from verbs or adjectives without changing the root, but adding the definite article: wiəm ‘live’ → lu-šiəm ‘life’; goum ‘high’ → lu-goum ‘height’.
nom acc pir pir a goat lu-bir lu-pir the goat wa-bir wa-pir this goat si-bir si-pir that goat edu-kpir edu-spir goats lu-kpir lu-spir the goats wa-kpir wa-spir these goats si-kpir si-spir those goats ewa ewa a snake lu-ewa luŋ-ewa the snake wa-ewa wa-ewa this snake si-ewa si-ewa that snake edu-gewa edu-zewa snakes lu-gewa lu-zewa the snakes wa-gewa wa-zewa these snakes si-gewa si-zewa those snakes
(There are cliticized pronouns that may attach to the verb; these are discussed later on, under Pronouns.)
The root of the verb is the present singular.
ending ‘come’ ‘drink’ ‘shine’ s pl s pl s pl s pl present - -k odu oduk siən siənk tol tolk past -en -ei odun oduei siənen siənei tolen tolei imperf -ed -ed odud odud siəned siəned toled toled
The past, or past perfect, is used for completed past events.
The imperative is formed by prefixing e-.
ending ‘come’ ‘drink’ ‘shine’ s pl s pl s pl s pl imper e- e-k egódu egóduk esíən esíənk edól edólk
The negative is formed by prefixing ma- to any of the previous tenses.
ending ‘come’ ‘drink’ ‘shine’ s pl s pl s pl s pl neg pres ma- ma-k modu moden masíən masiənen madól madólk neg past ma-en ma-ei modun moduei masíənen masíənei madólen madólei neg impf ma-ed modud masíəned madóled neg impr ema- ema-k emagódu emagóduk emasíən emasíənk emadól emadólk
Finally, the irrealis is used to refer to conditional, unlikely, or hypothetical events. (Future events, including wishes, may or may not take the irrealis, depending on whether the speaker considers them unlikely. It’s valid to use the irrealis to express doubt or even simple lack of knowledge about whether a past or present situation is really the case.)
ending ‘come’ ‘drink’ ‘shine’ s pl s pl s pl s pl pres irr uga- uga-k ugodu ugoden ugašin ugašink ugadol ugadolk past irr uga-en uga-ei ugodun ugoduei ugasiənen ugasiənei ugadolen ugadolei
It’s formed by prefixing uga- to the verb; but
The Ndak Ta prefix was uk-; the -a- is the epenthetic schwa, again generalized to all initial-consonant verbs.
The basic auxiliary formula can be illustrated with boá ‘can’ and the sentence ‘we didn’t drink’:
masíənei luki → eboá luki siənk
neg-drink-past.pl we → neg-can-past we drink-pl
We couldn’t drink.
But what is this verb form eboá? It’s the negative singular past of boá; as it happens, many auxiliary verbs are irregular. Here’s a table of the commonest verbs, with irregular forms in red. (Some of these verbs can be used as basic verbs too, e.g. ‘go’; they are irregular then too. The present plural and the imperfect are always regular.)
pres s past s past pl negative irrealis — siš sišen sišei masiš ugasiš can boá boæ'n boáei eboá ugaboə should is isen izei mis učis must so soun soei esó ugašu will we wen wešei me upe seems idər idræn idrei midər učidər needs æda ædan ædei mæda učæda wants al alin alei mal ugal starts hæpabe hæpaben hæpabei mæpabe ussæpabe stops etá etán etábe metá učetá causes uəm uəmen uəmei muəm uguəm goes noun nounen noube manoun uganoun just did ta tæn taei madə ustə has done pila pilan piláše epíla ugabíla stays æde æden ædešei mæde učæde comes odu odun oduei modu ugodu fucking peitə peitən peitei epéitə ugabeitə
The table lists the standalone forms. If two pronouns are to be used, a combination form is used (and normally cliticizes to the verb: iənəndoi ‘I saw you’):
nom acc dat poss I i iəbu iəm æč thou lewku lewkuŋ lewkum æglewku he/she a æbu æm ægə we luki luzis luətəm æčih you do douŋ doum æŋu they ak abu æm ægah who jegə jeguŋ jegum æjegə
me thee him/her us you them I iəŋ iša igis ius išas thou doi doga dois dous dogas he/she ai auŋ asi as aus agas we iči idduŋ iča iddus igas you doči dodduŋ doča dočis dogas they ači adduŋ ača ačis addus asis
Reflexive verbs use the suffix -či: sæŋči ‘to wash oneself’. The forms asi and asis thus refer to two different people: sæŋenasi would have to mean that person X washed person Y.
to me
to usto thee
to youto him/her
to themI / we iəm ium išæm thou / you doim doum doæm he/she / they ačim aum æm
To attribute possession to a noun phrase— X’s Y or the Y of X— Fáralo uses the construction Y æm X, e.g. lu-jæn ægə lu-badew, literally “the knife to him the father”.
The Ndak Ta formal/familiar distinction has disappeared as such; the formal set has become the normal 2s forms, while the 2s familiar has turned into the normal 2p.
The standalone accusatives are in some cases reinforced by the agentive suffix -bu.
The ‘we’ forms resembled the ‘I’ forms a bit too closely, and have been disambiguated by prefixing the definite article.
A formal/familiar distinction seems to be developing in Fáralo: the 3p forms are used as a second person when addressing nobles and royalty.
mi no, none næme some, any mas a few as many, much oubə almost all ege all, every
igə which one waše this one, this person kwaše these things, these people jæje that one, that person gæje those things, those people næbə someone, something mai nobody, nothing egew everyone, everything malə where woul here sirul there mimalə nowhere nælul somewhere egemalə everywhere holə when weišo now sišo then næblo sometimes ešo always mašo never edúgə why
Location na in, on, at nadír in (containers), inside of, indoors hadír outside, out of; outdoors but next to, near umórdu in front of, before ougə behind, in back of wiəmu above, over wægól below, under isə to, towards ugə from geirit until, up to ræbe along beibu among, between etáše surrounding, all around; throughout wætáŋ beyond, past Time isə before ugə after, since geirit until, up to ræbe during, in, within etáše throughout, for the entire period of Other æm of, for algo despite, against eté with, by, using (instrumental) ouŋu without, except for pein with (comitative), accompanied by, having ræpen instead of, in place of wætə about, concerning
The clitic form of and, -oun, is preferred when just two words are conjoined.
ouwa and dada but boa or guətu so, therefore niən if/then conjunction epóu because
x 10x 1 če ro 2 ŋi ŋiro 3 wos wosro 4 bu buro 5 dou douro 6 eš ešro 7 mæm mæmro 8 hude hudero 9 nil nilro 10 ro iəb
-lo location; membership in a place: hadírlo ‘open’, from ‘outside’ -ga forms adverbs and adjectives: isəga ‘early’ [‘way’] -l diminutive: bašel ‘twig’ -či reflexive: wabəči ‘hit oneself’ -bu person: alpobu ‘craftsman’ -sa female: čaoksa ‘queen’ -in adjectivization: kuin ‘sacred’ [from Far.] -u object used or affected” leil ‘row’ → leilu ‘rowboat’ [from Far. -ud] lu- abstraction: lu-kuin ‘holiness’; lu-mate ‘knowledge’ ŋa- participial adjective: ŋa-tol ‘shining’ [ngwa ‘few’]
Noun phrases follow the order A Det N Phr, where A is a single adjective, Det is the determiner and Phr is effectively anything else: more than one adjective; prepositional phrases; or relative clauses.
eigə azə a good womanNumbers normally precede both noun and determiner: wos lu-krud ‘three men’.
eigə lu-azə the good woman
lu-azə eigə iwmuoun a good and beautiful woman
lu-azə pein heipud egól the woman with a deformed foot
lu-azə roumə wære i the woman I love
Čeken a lu-zelo He threw the spear
→ lu-selo roumə čeken a the spear he threw
Subordinated clauses generally use the basic conjugation. Since full references are often missing, they often use the subject-object clitics.
Clauses referring to time take the form sišo roumə (subclause); to location, sirul roumə (subclause). They’re normally fronted.
Sišo roumə ezulendoga, madən lu-leč gouga.If a sentence is the object of a preposition, it’s nominalized, which is simply a matter of preceding the verb with a determiner: nounen lewku ‘you left’ → ugə lu-nounen lewku ‘after you left’. Note that the past tense morpheme is preserved; number agreement however becomes optional.
when subord take-past-you.it / neg-just the-sword broke
When you took it, the sword wasn’t yet broken.
Odu lu-čaok ebí. The king is speaking.Colloquially, questions are formed with the tag loute ‘correct’: Odu lu-čaok ebí loute?
→ Ebí ugodu lu-čaok? Is the king speaking?
Or, use the negative and a rising intonation: Modu lu-čaok ebí?
Interrogative words are normally fronted. Auxiliaries are avoided if possible.
Jegə etéše lu-mastač? Who’s running the government?
Holə epén lu-Moumušezə? When did the Senate meet?
The Fáralo kept the Faraghin names, except for day 6 which was renamed for the Ndak mother goddess, and day 3 which was changed from 'war' to 'blessing' after the adoption of Etúgə.
Day Faraghin Fáralo Meaning 1 Breuš lu-bewš Fate; replaces the Secret God 2 Šors lu-sos the old wise one 3 Nirgha lu-ekúi war / blessing 4 Gereč lu-geoč the moon 5 Barloi lu-baoluy NT 'earth' 6 Deubar lu-ubáz a powerful goddess 7 Seršan lu-seošan the sun; day of rest 8 Lečeu lu-lečew NT 'cold one'
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Siš Siənčæn ebí, kraš lu-diágə æm lu-laš Kazəgad ouwa lu-meokát æm lu-iodol luŋ-iəboun, sip: null.aux Siənčæn speak / brave the-Edák.ruler to.it the-land Kazəgad and the-younger.brother to.them the-sun the-moon-and / thus Thus speaks Siənčæn, the brave king of the land of Kazəgad, younger brother of the Sun and Moon: |
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Isə lu-epén i na epélo æm æč badew, ædešei ege lu-klaš heil iəm čosk. before the-sit-past I in chair to.him my father, stay-past.pl all the.pl-land foreign to.me hostile Before I sat on the throne of my father, all the foreign countries were hostile to me. |
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Sišen heil lu-klaš ebík sip: null.aux-past foreign the.pl-land speak-pl thus: The neighboring foreign countries spoke thus: |
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“Æden ægə badew kraš čaok, roumə hupísen a as edu-zlaš heil. stay-past his father brave king that conquer-past.pl he many some-land foreign “His father was a valiant king, who conquered many foreign countries. |
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Weišo hæpaben a nagə æde, dada odu a fizætud, lu-rud roumə epé a na lu-epélo æm ægə badew.” now start-past he god stay / but come he rookie / the-man that sit he in the-chair to.him his father Then he became a god. But the one who now sits on the throne of his father is a child.” |
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Sišo roumə epén i, lu-meokát æm lu-iodol lu-iəboun, na lu-epélo æm æč badew, isə lu-nounen i isə heil lu-klaš roumə ædešei išæm čosk, then that sit-past I the-brother to.them the-sun the-moon-and in the-chair to.him my father / before the-go-past I to foreign the.pl-land that stay-past.pl-they.to.me hostile When I, brother of the sun and moon, sat on the throne of my father, before I went to the foreign countries who were hostile to me, |
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Sišen i isə lu-gdemaš æm Ubáz noun. null.aux-past I to the-pl.acc-feast to.her mother.goddess go I went to the feasts of the mother goddess. |
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Sišenišæm kečem, ouwa i æč toun isə ŋa-tol lu-oumu ulə. Ebín i sip: null.aux-past-I.them honor and I my hand to shining the-mother lift. say-past I thus: I celebrated them and I lifted my hand toward the shining mother. I spoke thus: |
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Æč daz, lu-tol æm lu-gboéi, æde lu-klaš roumə sekaei ačim fizætud, ak æčih ksušin, iəbu jeipək. my goddess, the-light to.them the-pl.star / stay the-pl.land [ that call-past they-to.me rookie / they our pl-neighbor ] me insult-pl "O my mistress, light of the stars, the neighboring countries who called me 'a child' continue to insult me. |
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Weišo hæpabei ak lu-skakloæm æglewku laš edewnin paduk, æč daz! now start-past they the-pl.border to.it your holy land attack-pl, my goddess Then, they started to attack the borders of your holy land, my mistress! |
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Esupís lu-zepúonim!” imper-conquer the.acc-infidel Strike the heathen down!" |
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Sišen Ubáz lu-zlega æm æč mabe rætu. null.aux-past mother.goddess the-pl.acc-word to.it my mouth hear The mother goddess heard the words of my mouth. |
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Sišenai ulə ouwa uəmen a âč idwæ bæbur odu. null.aux-past-she.me raise and cause-past she my arm strong come She raised me up and strengthened my arm. |
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Sišen i gæje roumə jeipəi ači ræbe ro kleid hupís epšoun. null.aux-past i those that complain-past.pl they.me in ten pl-year defeat destroy-and In ten years, I defeated and destroyed those who insulted me . |
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Sišen i edu-zmačud zbous zgeipšaoun kreota, ouwa pilanišas isə lu-laš Kazəgad. null.aux-past i indef-pl.acc-slave pl.acc-ox pl.acc-sheep-and capture / and send-past-i-them to the-land Kazəgad I captured prisoners, oxen and sheep, and I sent them back to the land of Kazəgad. |
Most roots can serve as nouns or verbs, depending on how they’re inflected. If you’re looking up an English verb, try the noun form, and vice versa. See Derivation for details.
Etymology: Far. = Faraghin; Mûts. = Mûtsipsa'; Thok. = Thokyunēhōta; Na. = Naidda; unmarked = Ndak Ta.
1022 words
a
he/she (3s nom) [a]
abe
solid, stable [abwe]
aboa
bloom, flourish [abbwa]
abu
them (2p acc) [as + agentive -bu]
abunde
thunder [abwodnodn]
adulsə
tell, relate [atulsa]
adulsu
story, history
adwə
dark [adwa]
adwəsæt
bribe [‘dark money’]
aə
swamp [abâi]
agal
active [aubai + dim.]
agiu
hope [awio]
agu
happy [aubo ‘easy’]
Agumosou
the chief city of the Dagæm islands [‘happy port’]
ak
they (3p nom) [ak]
akremu
wax [akremo]
al
want, desire (aux) [ali ‘fire, be warm, burn’]
alégadu
constitution (a foreign concept) [Adāta ālégadu ‘the Laws’]
alenin
civil (war) [alen ‘split’ + adj. -in]
algo
despite, against [al ‘without’ + wau ‘for’]
alóu
flower [ailàu]
alpo
manufacture [alpau ‘make’]
alpobu
manufacturer, craftsman
ammu
steal [aulmo]
ammubu
thief
anæ'n
dry [asnàn]
aoba
mason [arbwa ‘craftsman’]
aogə
uncertainty, confusion [arwa ‘fog’]
apo
fruit [apwi]
apridu
horror, terror [apridn ‘be horrified’]
arélibu
opponent, dissident [Adāta ārêlibu ‘opposers’ reinterpreted as a singular]
as
many, much [ais]
Asalé
the best-known city of Rathedān in the far west [Adāta Athalē]
asin
heavy [‘much-ish’]
ašu
chief, supreme [aio]
ašubu
chieftain, leader
ate
keep [aitn]
atelo
storehouse
atelol
closet, storage area
atu
possession [‘something kept’]
avávo
poor, miserable [Na. avāvo ‘poor city-dweller’]
azə
woman [asa]
æba
sober [ambwa ‘moderately’]
æbu
him/her (2s acc) [â + agentive -bu]
æč
my (1s poss) [âki]
æčih
our (1p poss) [âkik]
ækə
air [âka]
æda
need (aux) [âidai]
æda
corpse [ainda ‘ashes’]
æde
stay, remain, stand; keep at, continue doing; be (aux) [ande]
ædelu
city [‘stay-place’]
ægah
their (3p poss) [âkak]
ægə
his/her (3s poss) [âka]
æglewku
thy (2s poss) [âklaingko]
ægóu
awry, wrong, off [ainggāu]
ægóubu
eccentric, crank
æjegə
whose [âk gewa]
æm
to him/her/them (3s/3p dat); of, for [am]
æməl
fly (insect) [ammi + dim.]
ænal
downward; hold (of a ship) [aina + dim.]
æna
hungry [anai ‘empty’]
æŋéilo
military [angài + -lo]
ænil
a hair (as a mass, use plural) [aini + dim.]
æŋu
your (2p poss) [âgdok]
æsečə
kind, type, sort [ansetra ‘prototype’]
æti
river [aunti]
æte
feeble, weak [ainte]
ætu
old [anto]
baba
babble; chat [imitative]
bad
sweet, sugary [basti ‘gentle’]
bage
rough [bagng]
Balanin
the first ruling dynasty of imperial Huyfárah [Far. ‘ironlike’]
bæb
miss (not hit) [bambi ‘fail’]
bæbu
root; anchor [bâpu]
bæbur
strong [bambor]
bæl
speak with an accent [bâil ‘burp’]
bæna
beg, supplicate [banai ‘worship’]
bænéilo
pagan temple [banailau]
bære
own (land) [bâre ‘have, possess’]
bæru
real estate, land holdings
badew
father [Far. badeu]
baobadew
uncle: father’s older brother [Far. barbadeu ‘master of father’]
baodat
judge [Far. bartat]
baogas
captain (of a ship) [Far. bargars]
baoluy
fifth day of the week [Far. Barloi]
baomast
steward, majordomo [Far. barmašt ‘master of the palace’]
baonuy
advance, progress, march [Far. branoin ‘go forward’]
baosifa
admiral, naval commander [Far. barsifa ‘master of seas’]
baoteka
commander [Far. bartekha ‘master of swords’]
Barnágo
a city on the upper Oltu [Far. barnagho ‘master of bears’]
baruy
appoint, grant [Far. baroin ‘make a master’]
bas
calm, even-tempered [Far.]
baše
stick, branch; spine; keel [batsn]
bašel
twig [batsn + dim.]
beibu
among, between [mbembu]
beibul
genitals [‘between’ + dim.]
beibulsa
vagina [‘female genitals’]
beiča
leg [baitrai]
beidu
tight [bendut]
beb
punish [bespi]
benuy
annul [Far. benoin ‘make nothing’]
bepo
dumb, retarded [bekwâu ‘insufficient’]
bewš
first day of the week [Far. breuš, a goddess]
bewšin
unlucky, unfortunate [Far. breušin]
biəbu
scratch; massage [bimbo ‘rub’]
boa
or [boda ‘xor’]
boá
can [bwa- permissive prefix]
boáš
sweat [bwats]
boéča
daughter [‘female son’]
boéd
son [bwed]
boéi
star [bwai]
boéiægə
declination (of a star); latitude [‘(height) of a star’]
boéimate
astronomy, naviation [‘star-knowledge’]
boéigur
respect [bwenggor ‘honor’]
boéisti
orgy, debauchery [bwaikti ‘feast’]
Boíəba
Oigôp'oibauxeu. a city in Lašumu; the river it’s on [Bwimbai]
bóig
bay, inlet [bwogig]
bomə
wheat [borma]
borə
nurse [bora]
bou
again [bau]
bougə
back (side); stern [bongga]
boula
earth, soil [baulai]
bous
ox [baus]
boutu
pierce, penetrate [bontu]
bu
four [bu]
bubiš
warm [bubwits]
buəbu
spy [budnabu]
buədə
listen [budna]
buəŋil
wound, hurt [bungie + dim.]
buŋišə
reward [bungia]
but
next to, near [bwut ‘rightward’]
čaok
king [Far. čark]
čaoksa
queen [‘king’ + fem.]
čælo
school [kaimlau]
čæme
study, learn [kaime]
čæn
fire; burn [Far. šan]
čæniz
admonish, shame [kaumisi ‘reprimand’]
čæŋlo
lavatory [Na. cainglo]
čæšum
powerful, great [kâtsum]
če
one [ke]
čega
only, sole
čeidu
jester [kendu ‘skeptic’]
čeilə
teacher [kenla]
čeino
ask [kenau]
čeiŋ
walk [keng]
ček
throw [kek]
čekəl
vomit [kek + dim.]
čelč
danger [kelki]
čeobu
student, scholar [kaimbu]
češus
unreliable, risky, unhealty [ketsus ‘unsafe’]
čičih
lightning [kikik]
čiəba
tie [kîbai]
čiəpal
whine, rant [kimpal ‘complain’]
čiən
marry [Far. triban]
čiənu
husband [Far. tribud]
čiətu
generous, kind [kinto]
čil
barley [kil]
čilo
basket, bushel [kilau ‘barley-place’]
Čisse
a city on the eastern coast [from the local indigens]
čosk
threatening, hostile [Far. čoks]
čutu
spit [imitative]
daba
white [dauwai]
dačaok
princess [Far. deučark]
dada
but [daldâ]
dagane
camp [Far. daghne]
Dagæm
the islands east of Kasadgad [Dawaim]
dagubu
host, proprietor
daguy
host [Far. daghoin ‘make to stay’]
dalsu
honey [dalsur]
daodan
dance [Far. daradan]
daom
warn [darem]
das
fight [das]
dašiəm
hemp; canvas, sail [Far. dašim]
dau
male, masculine [dado]
dayadok
(person) from Rathedān, the western mountains [Adāta Dāiadak]
daz
goddess (of polytheistic religions) [dasi]
dæŋ
mountain [daing]
deidin
numinous, awesome, frightening [dautin ‘holy’]
deikəlo
holy place (in the wild), haunted area [dêka ‘spiritual’ + ‘place’]
deimit
support (dependants, crops), receive (guests); yield [dalmit ‘host’]
deine
smarts, cunning [dene ‘reason’]
deiŋ
finger [dengi]
deip
young (of an animal) [dempi ‘child’]
demaš
feast [Far. demač ‘celebratory dinner’, lit. ‘gift’]
depa
shave [depmai]
dewmuh
hunt [desmog]
diágə
title of Edák rulers [diàka]
dida
possible [ditai]
diəbæŋ
lay aside, store, preserve [dimbang]
diəbo
fat, grease, oil [dimbau]
digun
thing, object [dikon]
dióa
imagine [dioba]
dizo
typical, ordinary [disau ‘usual’]
do
you (2p nom) [do 2s]
dogu
groan, moan [dowo ‘grumble’]
dorač
breakfast, lunch [Far. drorač ‘awakening meal’]
dou
five [dau]
doul
weary, tired [dodo + dim.]
doum
to you (2p dat) [dom 2s]
doumah
glass (substance) [Far. domagh]
douŋ
you (2p acc) [dong 2s]
duə
praise [dungwi]
duəbu
smell [dumbo]
dukəs
master, teacher [Mûts. dux]
duzæm
regret [dusam]
ebæ'ru
bark (of tree), husk (of fruits) [mbâro]
ebédə
order, arrange [mbesta]
ebewr
short [mbâur]
ebí
say, speak [mbi]
ebíč
necessary [mbiski]
ebíəbe
sing [mbîbwe]
ebíəbu
singer
ebíu
guilty [mbibo]
eboáge
push, impel [mbwawe]
ebóbe
enough [mbopm]
ebóbu
musician
ebód
color [mbod]
ebóp
music [mbop]
ebórol
be wary, distrust [mboraul ‘be careful’]
ebóuta
seed [mbontai]
eboúrə
strange, weird [mbwura ‘unusual’]
ebréibo
ruins (esp. Edák ones) [Na. èvrevo]
ebúəwe
carry, hold [mbunwe]
ebúmu
belly [mbusmu]
ebúrə
decide [mbura]
ečét
fade, wilt [ngket]
ečidálo
kitchen [eskidnalau]
ečíde
cook [eskidn]
edáboə
corrupt, rotten [ndabwa ‘dirty’]
edák
An ethnonym; the name of the people of Kazəgad [Ndak]
edálide
energy, vigor [ndalidn]
edástə
the Edák language, parent of Fáralo [Ndak Ta]
edázə
change [estasa]
edé
rub; play (an instrument) [nde ‘touch’]
edébu
musician
edéi
tree; mast [ndai]
edélo
theater, stage [‘play-place’]
edéinæ
live [ndenam ‘breathe’]
edéio
safe, secure [ndêwu]
edewn
pure [ndaun]
edewnin
holy [‘purer’]
edíəmu
spare someone’s life; set free [ndimu ‘mercy’]
edúgə
why [nduwa]
edu-
some (indefinite article clitic) [ndo]
egág
put [nggawi]
ege
all, every [ewe]
egéi
upward [nggai]
egemalə
everywhere [‘every’ + ‘where’]
egew
everyone, everything [ege ‘every’ + -bu]
egól
foot [nggol]
egræn
satisfy [egran ‘scratch’]
egúgo
deceive, fool [ngguko]
eib
freeze [aipi]
eibəl
green [auspi + dim.]
eibur
swim [embur]
eidu
fall (v); fail [endu]
eigə
good; name of the great river of Kazəgad and Lašumu [aiwa]
eikə
(land) animal
eikəmate
animal husbandry
eiku
kill [engku]
eim
turn [em]
eimo
loose [emau]
einišə
fly (v) [alnia]
einu
bitter; vicious, resentful [eno]
eione
obscure, hard to understand [aurne ‘muddy’]
eioti
day, daytime [airti]
eiwəl
west [emwel]
eiz
paint, color [aisi]
eiziw
painter, artist [aisibu]
ekéi
egg [ngkai]
ekúi
blessing, benefit; third day of week [Mûts. hexu’i]
elje
clean [elge]
ekádə
continue, persist [ngkasta]
elpe
melt [ailpabm]
eluoga
abundant, common [elul ‘everywhere’ + ‘way’]
enæ'də
feel (an emotion)
Enčélade
Ngahêxôldod, a city in Lašumu [Ngkeladadn]
enóuno
mess up, get in trouble [Na. èrnàrno[ascii 0]‘do to one’s own detriment’]
eobu
sleep [erbo ‘rest’]
eobulo
bed [erbolau ‘rest-place’]
eočeiŋ
limp, stumble [‘fail to walk’]
eodás
be a coward [‘fail to fight’]
eomate
guess [‘fail to know’]
eonáonu
harm, injure [ernarno ‘due to one’s detriment’]
eosíən
choke [‘fail to drink’]
epaf
light (not heavy) [epwaip]
epág
far [mpag]
epágal
exaggerate, claim [mpaskali ‘assert’, influenced by ‘far’]
epágægə
distance; longitude [‘distance of’]
epáte
investigate, research [upmatn]
epæ'm
cry [mpaim]
epæ'poge
curse [ngkwaimpaugng ‘vomit’]
epé
sit; meet (councils) [mpe]
epélo
chair [‘sit-place’]
epéilu
rain (v) [mpêlo]
epél
rest [mpe + dim.]
epéiša
fish, seafood [mpaiswa]
epépe
breast [mpepm]
epído
private [mpitau]
epoæ'n
ball [eplain]
epóu
because [mpau]
epš
destroy [ebri]
epšilo
ruins [ebrilau]
epúonim
pagan, polytheist, infidel [mpurnim ‘heathen’]
eræ'bu
drunkard
eræ'de
be drunk or stoned [erande ‘fail to stand’]
ereibur
drown [‘fail to swim’]
eríba
be clumsy [erimbwa]
erólo
impotent [Na. èrola]
eróušu
defraud, con [eraitsu]
erúdu
strive for, attempt [eroto ‘work for’]
esé
bleed (v); ooze [ntse]
eséotim
discuss, debate [ntsertim]
eš
six [ets]
ešæ'd
much [ntsand ‘greatly’]
eše
method, operation, process [etsn ‘manner’]
ešen
act, behave [etsen]
ešo
always [etsau]
etá
stop (aux) [nta]
etáše
surrounding, all around; throughout [ntatsn]
eté
with, by, using (instrumental) [nte]
etéiwa
tiller; tail [ntêwâ]
etéišə
wrong, incorrect [ntausia ‘false’]
etéše
sail (v); govern, run [ntetsn ‘float’]
etéšu
sailboat
etewg
forest [ntâug]
etíədu
metal [ntindo]
etíšə
right, correct [ntia]
etíšal
same [ntial]
etóumate
complex, complicated [ntomatn]
etúbə
docile, submissive [ntupa ‘peaceful’]
etúgə
action, deeds; the main religion of Huyfárah [Mûts. ntû’a ‘religion’]
ewa
snake [aimwa]
ewbu
urchin, petty criminal [aimbu ‘peasant’]
ewmu
reject, hate [aumu ‘spit’]
ewpa
statue [âukwai]
ezul
take [esul]
fáralo
(person) from Huyfárah; the Fáralo language [‘Faraghin’ + -lo]
ferój
Feråjin (people to the east of the Faraghin) [Far.]
fistaš
unlawful, illegal [Far. fistats]
fizætud
rookie, newbie, wet behind the ears [Far. fisrantud ‘inexperienced’]
foga
make, create [Far. foghan]
fogalo
workshop
gaba
share [gabbwa]
gafač
crime [Far. ghafač ‘theft’]
gafaču
criminal
gah
mock, disdain [gagak ‘smile’]
gaos
boat [Far. gars]
gašu
rabbit [gaido]
gatač
galley [Far. ghantač ‘dragon’]
gate
wood [gatn]
gatel
plank, board
gæje
those things, those people [pluralizer + ‘that one’]
geč
mighty, powerful [Far. gheč]
geipša
sheep [gaibra]
geirit
until, up to [nggairit]
geiru
atheist, cynic [Na. gèddo ‘skeptic’]
geoč
fourth day of the week [Far. Gereč, the moon goddess]
gis
dagger [Far. ghisk ‘knife’]
gissa
cut [Far. ghiskan]
goá
follow [gua]
goda
descend, derive [Far. gudan]
gonin
elder; elder brother [Far. gonin]
gou
road [gau]
goubu
traveler
goudah
dream [gondag]
goul
path, way [gau + dim.]
gouga
break [gonggai]
goum
high [gom]
goumoudu
cross-staff (for measuring angles) [‘way-measure’]
gourun
desert [gauron ‘semiarid land’]
gout
dull (not sharp) [gaut]
gozu
difficult [goso]
guab
mark, draw [gubab]
guabu
drawing
gube
survive, escape [gubm ‘survival’]
guətu
so, therefore [gunto]
guru
guts, intestines [guro]
ha
meat [sa]
hab
eat [sab ‘drink’, confused with ‘meat’]
hačiš
garlic [Gez. sakits]
hadír
outside, out of; outdoors [sa tiri ‘from out of door’]
hadírlo
open, overt, superficial [‘outside-ish’]
hadlu
spicy [sadlo ‘rich-tasting’]
Hagíbəl
ancient or poetic name for Huyfárah [Sau Ibli ‘north coast’]
haglu
gross, nasty [aklu ‘ugly’ with some contamination from h- words]
halapu
throw away, discard [salatpu]
halenadu
republic (form of government found among Dāiadak) [Adāta hālenadu]
hape
force, coerce [sapmi]
haran
Faraghin (person or language) [saragin, from Far. Faraghin]
harsa
tube, pipe [sarsâ]
hæpabe
begin, start (aux) [sâpabm’lift’]
hætud
veteran [Far. rantud ‘experienced’]
heben
mutter, murmur, mumble [sepen]
hei
blue [sai]
heil
foreign [sai + dim.]
heimə
wait [sema]
heipud
crooked, twisted; deformed [Far. sempud ‘twisted’]
heite
neat, proper [sête ‘tidy’]
helkun
enemy [selkon ‘hostile’]
hewe
water [saungwe]
hewegou
dock [‘water-road’]
heweteka
navy, fleet [‘water-army’]
hewpu
alone, solitary [saimpo]
hiebu
frog [sidespu ‘jumper’]
híen
prove, demonstrate [sien]
hiəbur
boil [simbor]
hiəm
cloud [sim]
hiəteŋ
different [sîteng]
hiəwa
rotten [simwai]
hičidə
misuse of office [sikîda ‘corrupt’]
hies
jump [sides]
higade
hurricane [sikadn]
hisəl
bequeath [Far. khisel]
hislu
child, heir [Far. khislud]
Histuənə
an eastern nation, homeland of Etúgə [Mûts. Siixtaguna]
hitugə
physical necessity; the mundane world [Mûts. sihtû’a]
holə
when [sola]
hou
coast [sau]
hounilin
numinous, scary in a supernatural way [sonulak ‘imaginary’ with confusion from hounilo]
hounilo
graveyard, cemetary [sonîlaou]
houzuŋ
left (side); port [saisung]
huəmu
wrong [sumo]
huənšar
help, aid [sungiar]
hude
eight [sudn]
hupís
defeat, conquer [sompīs]
Hutaba
the founder of Etúgə [Mûts. Sútapaj]
Huyfárah
the nation of the Fáralo [Far. Soifaragh ‘Faraghin coast’]
huz
mouse [susi]
huzæ'tugə
immorality, vice, perversion, evil [Mûts. hûsamhtû’a]
i
I (1s nom) [i]
ibe
touch, use [ispe ‘feel (experience)’, merged with *iba from imbwa ‘use’]
ibəl
north [ibli]
ibu
tool [imbwabu]
iče
equal [iske]
ičæ'məl
study; knowledge [iskaimel]
iden
lose; fail to find or buy [isten]
idər
seem, appear (aux) [idr- approximative]
idúəŋ
sea, ocean [indùng]
idwæ
arm [itwam]
iəb
month, moon; one hundred [imbi]
iəbu
me (1s acc) [î + agentive -bu]
iəlænə
catastrophe, disaster [imlana ‘flood’]
iəma
symbol, sign [imai]
iəmu
head; top [imu]
iəm
to me (1s dat) [im]
iənə
see, look [ina]
iəptə
cheerful, jovial [imbenta]
iətə
hang, suspend [inta]
ifisænə
the spiritual world; salvation; heaven [Mûts. ifiisana]
igə
which one [iwa]
igrih
absorb, dissolve [igrik]
ijir
whisper [idgir]
ilč
black [ilki]
imə
sew [isma]
io
noble, lord [idâu]
iodol
sun [‘noble’ + tol ‘sun’]
ior
sour, acidic [idur]
ioza
noblewoman, lady [‘noble-woman’]
iozal
girl of noble blood; figurehead or bow of a ship
ipah
sense, perceive [ingkwak]
ipə
straight [ikwa]
ipi
liver [ingkwi]
iru
open (v) [iro]
is
should (aux) [is- hortative]
isə
to, towards; before (time) [isla]
isəga
early; preceding [‘before-ish’]
išo
night [iswau]
išonoun
journey, voyage [‘night-go’]
iwmu
beautiful [ilmo]
iwmusa
beautiful girl
izin
sudden [isi + -in]
jægə
indignant, wrathful [gâga ‘angry’]
jæje
that one, that person [gâge ‘that yonder’]
jæn
knife [gan]
jaŋu
move [gangio]
jegə
who, what [gewa]
jeipə
insult [gempa]
ješ
likely, probably [gets]
jiəku
hard (not soft) [gingko]
jiənih
iron [ginig]
jibe
bad [gibm]
jiə
tall [gingwi]
jiwnə
slow [gilna]
jori
wake up [Far. drorin]
jos
awake, conscious [Far. drors]
juma
complain, protest [Far. druman ‘denounce (officially)’]
kada
amuse, please [Far. katan]
kadal
like, appreciate [kada + dim.]
kæda
ashes (pl) [ainda]
kaklo
border, boundary [kaklau ‘borderland’]
kaltó
wind (pl) [altò]
kaogádin
uncle: father’s younger brother [Far. kargadin]
kaogə
fog, mist (pl) [arwa]
kaotača
aunt [Far. kartača]
kape
last year [kapm]
kaš
funny, amusing [Far. kats]
Kazəgad
Kasca, the ancient Edák nation, now ruled by Huyfárah [Kasadgad]
kazil
look at, watch [kasil]
kebač
dinner, meal [Far.]
Kečæ'na
the world; the planet Huyfárah is on (pl.) [pl. of ngkana]
kečem
honor [Far. ketrem]
keil
dress; wear [kail]
keilu
tunic, rough skirt, peasant dress [‘something worn’]
keip
grass, herb (pl) [empi]
keiplo
pasture
keipmate
herblore
keize
snow (pl) [aise]
keoč
angry [Far. kerts]
kepéilu
rain (n; pl) [mpêlo]
kesé
blood (pl) [ntse]
kəwú
(Etúgeist) priest [Mûts kûhuuhu]
kiki
a spice from the eastern islands [Thok. khiki]
kipa
rice alcohol (pl) [Thok.]
kodə
cover [kota]
kolə
absurd, crazy [kola ‘funny’]
kouwə
tongue; rudder [komwa]
kpuəma
smoke, steam (pl) [pumâ]
kraš
bold, brave [Far. khrans]
kræwa
porridge (cheap meal of grain) [arâwa ‘dinner’]
kreota
seize, capture [Far. krertan]
ksoudu
sand (pl) [tsondo ‘dust’]
ku
spirit, mind [Mûts kuu]
kučil
rush, hurry [kuk + dim.]
kuəbə
waste [kumba]
kuəpéigə
assume, suppose [kumpaiwa ‘believe’]
kuən
sturdy, strong [kun ‘stiff’]
kuəma
redo [kumâi ‘repair’]
kuət
devil, demon [Far. khunt]
kufas
(Etúgeist) temple [Mûts. kûfase]
kugal
tame, domesticated (of small animals) [kukail]
kuin
holy, sacred [Mûts kuu ‘spirit’ + Far. -in]
kuka
hiccough [imitative]
kumepél
grave, burial place [ku æm epél ‘rest of the spirit’]
kusæp
worship [‘give the spirit’]
kusræm
olive [Gez. kusram]
kušu
cough [kutso]
kuz
records, archives [pl. of susi ‘record’]
kuzlo
library; archive
kwaše
these things, these people [pluralizer + ‘this one’]
labaf
ignore [lapabap]
lad
healthy [lasti]
lade
not much [ladn]
ladmate
medicine
lalpo
heal, cure [‘make healthy’]
lalpobu
doctor, physician
lanæh
rich, fragrant [lanag]
laoma
long [larmai]
laršaošə
hour [lartsartsa]
laš
land, country [lats]
lašin
national
Lašumu
Axôltseubeu, the nation upriver from Kazəgad [Latsomo]
laz
close, shut [lasi]
læpu
bone [langkwo]
læpusa
penis [‘bone-meat]
læta
fast [lantai]
leč
sword [Far. lets ‘longsword’]
lečew
eighth day of the week [Far. Lečeu]
lega
word; language [lewai]
legal
write [lewai + dim.]
legéiša
poetry [lewaitsâi]
lei
bird [lai]
leid
year [laid]
leideiŋ
wing [‘bird-finger’]
leidin
annual
leil
flow, pour; row [lail]
leilu
rowboat
leir
young [lairi]
leišo
cold [lêtsau]
lestə
collect, gather [lekta]
lewə
delta [lâwa]
lewku
thou (2s-T nom) [laingko]
lewkuŋ
thee (2s-T acc) [laingkong]
lewkum
to thee (2s-T dat) [laingkom]
lews
free, independent [Far. leus]
lewsuy
free, liberate [Far. leusoin]
liəmu
smile [limu ‘laugh quietly’]
lišu
form, shape [ligio]
lizegu
shake [lisedgo]
loušə
answer, reply [lonsia]
loute
right, correct [lonte]
loumo
visit [lolmau]
lu-
the; abstract nominalizer (clitic) [lu]
luba
lie [Far. lupan]
luətəm
to us (1p dat) [‘the’, used as a pluralizer, + i]
luki
we (1p nom) [‘the’, used as a pluralizer, + i]
luzis
us (1p acc) [‘the’, used as a pluralizer, + is]
mabe
mouth [mabm]
mač
table [maki]
mačud
slave [Far. magačud ‘captive (from a raid)’]
made
force, violence [madn ‘violent’]
magač
loot, pillage [Far.]
mai
nobody, nothing [mage]
maiga
empty [‘nothingly’]
malæwe
successful [malâwe]
malə
where [mala]
malge
suck [malwe]
mardu
human [maldo]
marš
hammer [ngwartsi ‘tool’]
mas
a few [mi ais ‘not many’]
mastač
government [Far. maštač ‘house’ + nom.]
mastin
royal, governmental; public [Far. maštin]
mašo
never [matsau]
mate
know [matn]
matel
think, suspect [matn + dim.]
mateboéi
astrolabe [‘know-star’]
matibəl
magnet; compass [‘know-north’]
matugə
the impossible (to normal men); fantasy, spirituality [Mûts. gmatû’a]
mau
blunt, dull [mabbu ‘blunt thing’]
mæ
believe [ngwâi ‘think’]
mæde
heart; feel (an emotion) [maunde]
mædidə
intelligence [maunde ta ‘mind’]
mædu
purposeless, pointless [mandu ‘for no reason’]
mæg
today [mâg]
mæm
seven [mam]
Mæmedéi
a city on the mouth of the Oltu [‘seven trees’]
mæsa
cow [mâisâ]
mebe
peasant, farmer [mebwe ‘father’]
mebelo
farm [‘farmer-place’]
mei
trade [mê ‘journey’]
meibu
trader, merchant
meikut
bastard, sumbitch [Far. menkhunt ‘son of a devil’]
meil
read [mêli]
meis
lack, be insufficient [mebis]
melede
include [meledn]
menčaok
prince [Far. menčark]
mengaos
first mate [Far. mengars]
menio
young lord; boy of noble blood
Mentek
first king of the Balanin dynasty [Far. Mentekh ‘son of a sword’]
meode
squirt, spurt, splatter [ngwerde]
meokát
younger brother, apprentice, cadet [merkát]
mewk
rebel [mâuk ‘protest’]
mewkil
oppose, resist [‘rebel’ + dim’]
meze
meet (people), encounter [mese]
mezel
greet [‘meet’ + dim.]
məlew
figure out, realize [Ndok Aisô mîleu ’come to understand’]
mi
no, none [mi]
midišæ'na
fornicate [ngwitianal ‘get pregnant’]
Miədu
the southernmost city in Huyfárah proper [Mos Mindu]
miəwə
heroic [mingwa ‘powerful’]
miga
thank [midgai]
mik
bread [mik]
mimalə
nowhere [‘no’+ ‘where’]
miopə
deaf [‘no ear’]
miordo
blind [‘no eye’]
mipimə
dough, paste [mikwisma]
mipól
nasty, indecent [ngwipaingkwul ‘terrible’]
miš
modern, novel [mits ‘late’]
mišæ'f
owe [ngwitsampi]
mišagu
holiday, day off [miasko ‘celebrate’]
miúgur
try, attempt [miukur]
moge
backward [ngwogng]
mola
full [ngwolâi]
molar
prefer [morar]
molən
alert, vigilant [molan ‘awake’]
mordu
front; chest (of a person) [moldau]
more
magic, mysticism, the occult [more ‘dim’]
mosin
civilized, urban, cultured [NT mos ‘city’ + -in]
mosou
port, harbor [‘city (of) coast’]
mospi
uncultured, provincial [Ndok Aisô moispî ‘showing poor judgment’]
mou
skin [ngwau]
moudu
measure [mondu ‘count, measure’]
moumušezə
council, senate [Far. mašmuršesa ‘house of warriors’]
mouru
narrow [mauro]
mowe
oral sex [Na. màwè ‘fellate’]
Muəbaz
a city in Kazəgad, modern Momuva’e [Mos Mumbasi]
muəbazin
lawless, anarchic [from conditions in Muəbaz]
muba
worm [mombwai]
mube
foolish, rash [muspê ‘foolish’]
mula
ice [mulâ]
mus
grow [mus]
muslo
origin [muslau]
musmate
agriculture
mušidutə
belief, philosophy, ideology [Mûts mûtsitû'a]
muymis
stupid [musmis ‘stupid’]
mwáogube
ponderous, grave [mwarwobm ‘heavy’]
na
in (locations, substances, regions), inside; on [nai]
nabe
red [napê]
nača
lady, baroness [nat + -sa]
nadír
in (containers), inside of, indoors [nai tiri ‘in door’]
nadírlo
secret, hidden [‘inside-ish’]
naei
work, labor [nagebi]
naga
inner, interior [‘in-ish’]
nagane
capital; seat (of a noble) [Far. ‘lord-place’]
nagə
god (of polytheistic religions) [naka]
nagu
bear (animal) [Far. nagho]
naluŋuh
organize, arrange [nalunguk]
naoga
regular, predictable [nabâu + -ga]
naonu
divide, separate [narno ‘cut’]
naoŋga
split [naonu + ‘way’]
napóča
play (e.g. games), have fun [Far. napalčan ‘mess around from boredom’]
narór
horse [nalaròr]
naskuy
exile, cast out [Far. naksoin ‘put outside’]
našiŋa
futile, in vain [naisngai ‘pointlessly’]
nat
lord, baron [Far. nagat]
nata
the nobility, aristocracy [Far. nagata ‘lords’]
nayu
noodles (an eastern dish) [Thok.]
nazə
east [nasa]
næbə
someone, something [nambe]
næbæm
small [nambam]
næblo
sometime [nambau + -lo]
nælul
somewhere [namlul]
næm
illness, disease [nam ‘sick’]
næme
some, any [namê]
næmuh
orange [namowi ‘brown’]
næpe
swell (up) [nambepm]
neča
wife [netrai]
nege
the most; maximum; azimuth [newe]
neib
aim [nembi ‘intend’]
neiŋə
leaf [nenga]
neljæn
twist [nelgan]
neobu
sick person, patient
neos
sick, ill [Far. ners ‘weak’]
niən
if/then conjunction [nin]
nil
nine [nil]
nioga
war [Far. nirgha]
niogalo
battlefield
noš
die [nots]
noulo
street [nonlau ‘go-place’]
noun
go (aux) [non]
nuaš
cheat [nugats ‘trade’]
nubázi
realization, enlightenment [Mûts. nuduuhasihi]
nuəma
boast [numagi]
nuge
easy [nuwe]
nupáča
slime, snot [nukàkâ]
ŋa-
prefix forming a participial adjective: ŋanoun ‘going’ [ngwa ‘few’]
ŋadə
make love, have sex [ngata ‘sleep’]
ŋal
very [ngal]
ŋalər
too, too much; excessive [ngal + comparative -ur]
ŋalleil
flood [‘too much water’]
ŋastís
villain, rogue [ngaktīs ‘slave’]
ŋapšə
thick [ngabra]
ŋæ
gaffer; title for an elder peasant [ngâ ‘adult’]
ŋæne
neck [ngane]
ŋæŋu
laugh [ngango ‘laugh loudly’]
ŋeibə
toe [ngemba]
ŋeide
wipe [ngende]
ŋi
two [ngi]
ŋiəbu
sharp; acute, clever [ngimbu]
ŋiəbul
needle [‘sharp’ + dim.]
ŋigatač
bireme [‘two-galley’]
ŋouru
ancient; also an ethnonym [ngauro]
Ŋourlo
a city in Kazəgad [Ngaurlau]
ŋuəne
prudent, cautious, conservative [ngune ‘moderate’]
ŋura
cloves; brown [uncertain origin]
oa
salt [odai]
oæm
right (side), starboard [odam]
obo
for, for the purpose of [ob ‘at’ + wau ‘for’]
odu
come; (aux) be at the moment [oto]
odulo
destination [otolau]
ogabe
suffer, be hurt [odgabm]
ogu
mourn, grieve [owu]
olæ'tə
be exhausted, be wiped; be feeble with age [olanta ‘do too much’]
olinə
not know, not perceive [olina ‘be blind to’]
olo
place, location [olau]
oltu
new; the name of the main river of Huyfárah [olto]
Oltumosou
a city on the mouth of the Poráš [‘new port’]
oludo
deserve, have a right to [oloto ‘deserve a place’]
oludu
deserts, things rightfully one’s own
olyéna
commit a faux pas [Na. oljènàn]
oŋ
squeeze [orngi]
opə
ear [okwa]
opin
auditory; audible
opwo
a type of meal popular in Lašumu [Ndok Aisô opweu]
ordo
eye [oldau]
ordin
visual; visible
orgal
ignite, explode [ôriwal]
oslók
forget [reborrowing]
ošyal
propose, suggest [obial ‘offer’]
ote
run, hurry [orte]
otóun
thin [auntōn]
oubə
almost all [omba ‘many’]
oudisa
witch
oudiz
magician [ondisi ‘expert’]
ougə
behind, in back of [ob bongga ‘at the back’]
oumol
younger sister [omai + dim.]
oumu
mother [omo]
-oun
and [on]
ouŋa
vulgar, base [alngai ‘common’]
ouŋu
without, except for [al ‘without’ + ngu ‘as’]
oupə
boring [ompa ‘flat’]
oupu
deep [ompu]
oušu
promise [aitsu]
ouwa
and [ongwâ]
ouzə
suicide [ausa ‘sacrifice’]
ouzu
yesterday [auso]
oymə
recent [osma]
oyŋæ'ŋga
serious, solemn [olngango ‘be serious’]
pabo
analyze, categorize [reborrowing of papau ‘name’]
pačuna
count, reckon [Far. pačunan, from pat-sun ‘one-two’]
padu
attack [pasto]
padupe
smash, break [kwatopm]
Palge
a free city in Kazəgad, modern Pawé [Palwe]
pap
defense [pap ‘shield’]
pardə
valley [palda]
paš
socket, niche [kwats ‘chair’]
pat
stinky, smelly [kwat]
pæm
round [kwaim]
pæn
bite, chew [kwain]
pea
ready [kweda]
pei
big [pai]
peiblo
beach [pailbelau]
peide
loud [kwaidn]
peilbu
hourglass [pailbe ‘sand’ + -bu]
peimæb
mystery [palmambi ‘secret’]
peilaš
mainland (as opposed to the sea) [‘big land’]
Peimast
a city on the upper Poráš [‘big house’]
pein
with, accompanied by, having [kwen]
peitə
fucking do (aux) [penta ‘fuck up’]
peitu
apart [kwentu]
pepə
last, final [pekwa]
peras
knight, first rank of noble [peras ‘brave’]
peše
drop, let go; abandon [kwetsn]
pezə
shit [pesa]
pezəlo
outhouse, toilet
pi
fingernail [kwi]
piədæmis
understand [kwindamis]
piəm
low; (v) abase; (refl) submit, lower oneself, sacrifice[pim]
pigəl
first [piwel ‘early’]
pila
send; (as aux) have done, send for [pilai]
pipe
practical, earthy [pipm ‘useful’]
pir
goat [kwir]
pišil
pale, gray [pitsi + dim.]
popu
fear [paingkwu]
porat
trustworthy, sound [Far. ‘clean, pure’]
Poráš
the river east of the Oltu
pouku
refuse, deny [pokpo]
poun
island [pon]
pouni
plant, vegetation [ponî]
pragu
tamed, broken (of horses) [Far. pragud ‘accustomed, tamed’]
præmbu
architect
præn
build; design [pirain ‘plan’]
prænmate
architecture, building
pubiət
threaten, menace [pupibat]
Puwa
a Naidda-speaking city in the far south [Naidda Pu’a]
puwə
nose [pungwa]
rari
addicted [Na. raiddi]
Rasedán
the western mountains [Adāta Rathedān]
raul
fill [ragol]
ræbe
along; during, in, within [rambe]
ræde
sky [rande]
rædel
pot, jar [rander + dim.]
ræpe
fertile [rampa ‘abundant’]
ræpen
instead of, in place of [rampen]
rætu
hear [ranto]
rečiəs
bleeding (of a wound); menstruation [rekibas ‘flood’]
reimur
earthquake [remor]
relga
hot [relsi ‘be hot’ + adj.]
rewebe
unable, useless [râwebm ‘incompetent’]
rewŋ
flat, smooth [raung ‘plains’]
rewŋəl
platform; deck (of a ship) [raung + dim.]
rewŋlo
plain, flatlands
rifəs
ugly [Far. rifs ‘scary’]
rišo
con, defraud [Na. risjo]
ro
ten [ro]
robe
feather [robm]
roda
have, own (things) [Far. rotan ‘own, possess’]
rodu
possessions, one’s things [Far. rotud]
rogə
perform, act [rowa ‘play (an instrument)’]
roulə
care for, be devoted to [raula ‘love’]
roumə
that (relativizer) [roma]
route
flee [habitative of ‘run’]
rozaru
voter (in a republic) [Adāta rozarō]
rubadu
annoy, irritate [rupasto ‘be agressive’]
rud
man (male) [rud]
ruduga
unpredictable [adjectivization of rututu ‘be unpredictable’]
ruənah
priest (of the pagans) [runnak]
ruga
gullible [adjectivization of rugua ‘be gullible’]
rulasa
whore, prostitute [Na. rula ‘be promiscuous’ + -sa ‘woman’]
rumia
trust, have confidence in [habitative of miga ‘trust’]
rušan
blame; cast aspersions, sling mud [Far. rušnen ‘paint’]
rušoga
fantastic, imaginative [adjectivization of rudioba ‘daydream’]
ruəga
intelligent [adjectivization of rungwâi ‘be intelligent’]
sačin
rich, wealthy [Far. sats + -in]
sašə
sneeze [tsatsa]
satar
democratic assembly [Adāta zathar]
satugə
false knowledge, illusion [Mûts. ttsatû’a]
sæči
soft [tsâuki]
sæŋ
wash [tsaing]
sæp
give [tsampi]
sæt
gold [Far. sat]
sætil
money [‘little gold’]
sætugə
virtue, morality [Mûts. ktsantû’a]
sečas
good luck, good fortune [Far. českudač ‘encounter with pixies’]
sečasin
lucky, fortunate
seiš
louse [tsêtsi]
seiza
dawn [tsaisai ‘arise’]
sek
name [Far. sekh]
seka
name, call [Far. sekhan]
selo
spear [tselô]
seor
pour [tsebor]
seošan
seventh day of the week and day of rest [Far. Seršan]
serčaok
emperor (title of the Fáralo ruler) [Far. serčark ‘great king’]
serin
imperial [from serčaok]
sernat
minister (of state) [Far. sernagat ‘great lord’]
Sertek
a city on the mouth of the Poráš [Far. ‘mighty sword’]
seze
steep [tsese]
seziči
be born [tsesir + refl.]
sezul
infant [dim. + ‘born’]
si-
that (clitic) [tsi]
sidin
sad, unhappy [tsisten ‘be depressed’]
siəč
separate, apart [tsingki]
siən
drink [tsin ‘like’]
Siənčæn
the greatest of the Edák emperors [Tsinakan]
sigil
urinate, piss [sig + dim.]
silo
tooth, fang [tsilâu]
sirul
there [tsilul ‘there (far)’]
sip
thus [tsip]
siralo
brothel [Na. sìddalo ‘inn with a brothel’]
sis
dog [tsis]
sissa
bitch [‘female dog’]
siš
null (aux) [‘then’]
sišo
then [tsitsau]
so
must, have to (aux) [tso- obligative]
sobræn
succeed [tsopirain]
sos
mature, adult; second day of week[Far. sors]
sossa
nubile girl, one who has just come of age
soy
cause [tsobi ‘control’]
soudul
powder, dust [tsondo + dim.]
sounči
kneel [‘knee’ + refl.]
souŋ
knee [tsong]
suji
press, pressure [tsurgî]
sur
tomorrow [tsuri]
susu
whistle [imitative]
suš
near, nearby [tsuts]
sušin
neighbor
šælo
hearth, fireplace; home [Far. šan ‘fire’ + ‘place’]
šesuy
crown or select a ruler [Far. šesoin ‘make holy’]
Šišin
the northern mountains (NT Daing Ibli) [Far. Čintsin ‘northerly’]
šuən
stab, slash [Far. prunin]
šuys
merciful, compassionate [Far. šois ‘sweet, gentle’, from šoi ‘woman’]
ta
just did (aux) [ta dynamic particle]
tača
older sister [Far.]
Tal
the western provinces of Huyfárah [Tali]
talo
the people of Tal; the Tlaliolz
tædi
shelter [taindi ‘wing’]
tædil
oar [taindi ‘wing’ + dim.]
tæm
south [tam]
taš
lawful, legal [Far. tats]
tatuy
allow, permit [Far. tatoin]
tazbæm
imply [tasbam]
teibe
together [taibm]
teiŋu
pull [tengo]
teiŋgas
punt, flatboat [‘pull-boat’]
teitu
wide [tento]
teiš
bend, fold [tautsi]
teka
army [Far. tekha]
tesses
soldier [Far. tekšes ‘swordsman’]
tid
flea [titi]
tiəŋišə
flash, spark [tingia]
tikóu
stone, rock; anchor[tingkāu]
tir
door [tiri]
tišæna
take as a concubine or consort [tianai ‘marry’]
toba
horn [topai]
todu
idiot, doofus [from totoli ‘be clumsy’]
tol
shine; (n.) light [tol ‘sun’]
tolin
bright
tou
lake [tau]
toun
hand [ton]
tudu
amaze [tutu]
tuəd
oversee, control [Far. tundan]
tulas
cinnamon [Adāta thulus]
tuma
pirate [Thok. ‘outlaw’]
twæno
avoid, prevent [tuanau]
ubák
palace [ospàk ‘throne’]
Ubáz
the Mother Goddess of the Edák; sixth day of the week [ombāsi]
ubu
soon [ubwu]
učébur
rush foolishly into something [ukembur ‘behave recklessly’]
uəgu
lame, crippled [unggu]
uəm
cause (aux) [umbom-]
uəmə
joke [unma ‘play’]
uəš
blow, breathe [untsi]
uəta
humor, wit [untai ‘joke’]
ugaš
be a storm [uwaits ‘be cloudy’]
ugə
from; after [uwa]
ugəga
late, later [‘afterish’]
uksáb
be eager or zealous [uksab ‘look forward to’]
ukšúy
covet, long for the forbidden [uktsobi]
ulə
rise, raise, lift [ula]
ulgə
taste [ulwa]
ulgu
rope [ulwo]
umórdu
in front of, before (space) [ob moldau ‘at front’]
umóro
be picky [Na. u’moddo]
undribu
comedian [Na. unddivo]
uplə
explain, describe [upla]
Ussor
capital of Huyfárah [Uksaur]
ušóbe
be horny [Na. usjàve]
utúči
kill oneself [utnots + refl. -či]
uw
cruel, savage [udu]
uwlo
barbarian
uwméi
yellow [ulmāi]
wa-
this (clitic) [wai]
wabə
hit [wapa]
wagaga
peaceful
wagah
peace [wawaik ‘calm’]
waš
dig [wats]
waše
this one, this person[waige]
wat
age [wat]
wægól
below, under [ob nggolang ‘at foot’]
wæpum
hollow [wampum]
wære
love [ugbâre optative of ‘have’]
wætáŋ
beyond, past [ob ntang ‘at end’]
wætə
about, concerning [wau ‘for’ + nte ‘with’]
we
will (future aux) [we- future prefix]
wede
vegetable [wedn]
weilo
garden [wenlau]
weišo
now [waitsau]
wiəm
live [wim]
wiəmu
above, over [ob imu ‘at head’]
wiəŋ
wet [wing]
wilo
house [‘living place’]
wimés
adjacent, adjoining [wimès ‘neighbor’]
wimə
mud [wisma]
wiməl
dirty [wisma + dim.]
wiza
yell, shout [wisai]
wodel
wear, carry [wirdel]
wos
three [wos]
wošlo
dump, hick town [Na. wàsjlo ‘hole in the ground’]
wozgatač
trireme [‘three-galley’]
woul
here [wailul]
woupu
remember [wompo]
wugu
condemn, find guilty [wuku ‘blame’]