After a second hyphen I give (if possible) the further derivation (Greek, Persian, etc.), or the verbal root (glossed as an infinitive; but the citation form of Arabic roots is actually the 3sg past).
Some words are borrowed directly from Arabic; but most of these words have taken the scenic route, through Spanish, Italian, and/or French; or through Turkish, Persian, or Urdu; or through Hebrew or Latin. This produces a good deal of phonological deformation; as does the dialect variation within Arabic.
Finally Unicoded. The transliteration generally comes from Wiktionary, though not all the etymologies do.
--M.R.
barbican - (possibly) bâb-al-baqara ‘gate with holes’
berdache - (possibly) bardaj ‘slave’
Betelgeuse - bīt al-jawzā ‘shoulder of the Giant’
bezoar - bāzahr - from Persian
bint - bint ‘daughter
bled - bilād ‘vast open country’
borax - bawraq - from Persian
burka - burquʿ
burnouse - burnus
caliber - qālib ‘mold, last’
calico - Qāliqūṭ ‘Calicut’, city in India, now Kozhikode
caliph - ḵalīfa ‘successor’ - ḵalafa ’succeed’
camise - qamīs ‘shirt’ - from Latin
camphor - kāfūr - from Malay
candy - short for ‘sugar candy’, from sugar + qandiyy ‘candied’, from qand ‘cane sugar’ - from a Dravidian language
carat - qīrāṭ ‘small weight’ - from Greek
caraway - karāwiyyā - probably from Greek
carafe - ḡurfa - ḡarafa ‘dip’
carmine - qirmazī ‘crimson’
carob - ḵarrūb
cassock - kazāḡand ‘padded jacket’ - from Persian
check - šāh ‘king’ - from Persian
checkmate - šāhu māta ‘the king is dead’ from Persian
chemistry - see alchemy
chess - from Old French eschecs, plural of check
cipher - şifr ‘empty’
civet - zabād
coffee - qahwa
Copt - quft - from Greek ‘drachma’
cork - qūrq
cotton - quṭn
couscous - kuskus - kaskasa pound, bruise
crimson - qirmazī, related to the qirmiz, the insect that provided the dye
Deneb - ḏanab ad-dajāja ‘tail of the hen’
dhow - dāw
dinar - dīnār - from Latin
dirham - dirham - from Greek
dragoman - turjumān - tarjama interpret
drub - ḏaraba ‘beat’
dura mater - Latin calque on umm al-ghalīḏah ‘hard mother’
efreet - ʿifrīt ‘monster’
El Cid - al-Sayyid ‘the lord’
elixir - al-ʾiksīr ‘philosopher’s stone’ - from Greek
emir - ʾamīr - amara command
fakir - faqīr ‘poor man’ - faqura be poor
fardel - farda ‘load’
Farsi - Fārs ‘Pars’, a province of Iran - from Persian
fatwa - fatwā - ʾaftā instruct by a legal decision
fedayeen - fidāʾiyyūn ‘commandos’ - fidā` redemption
felafel - falāfil
fellah - fallāḥ ‘husbandman’ - falah’a till
felucca - falūka ‘ship’ - falaka be round
Fomalhaut - famu l-ḥūt ‘mouth of the fish’
garble - ḡarbala ‘sift’ - perhaps from Latin
gazelle - ḡazāl
genie - jinnī ‘spirit’
gerbil - jarbūʿ
ghoul - ğul ‘demon’ - ğāla take suddenly
giraffe - zarāfa
hadith - ḥadīṯ ‘tradition’
haj - ḥajj ‘pilgrimage’ - ḥajja go on a pilgrimage
halal - ḥalāl ‘lawful’
halvah - ḥalāwa, from ‘sweet’
harem - ḥaram ‘prohibited, set apart’ - h’arama prohibit
hashish - ḥašīš ‘dried herbs, hemp’
hazard - az-zahr ‘dice’
hegira - hijra ‘departure’ - hajara separate, go
henna - ḥinnāʾ - from Persian
Hezbollah - ḥizbu llāh ‘party of God’
hookah - ḥuqqa ‘water bottle (through which smoke is drawn)’
houri - ḥūriyya‘with eyes like gazelles’ - h’awura have eyes like gazelles
imam - ʾimām ‘leader’ - amma precede
Islam - ʾislām ‘submission’ - aslama submit oneself
jar - jarra ‘large earthen vase’
jasmine - yāsamīn - from Persian
jinn - jinn ‘spirits’, plural of genie
julep - julāb ‘rose water’ - from Persian
Kaaba - kaʿba ‘square house’
kabob - kabāb - from Persian
kaffir - kāfir ‘infidel’ - kafara conceal, deny
keffiyeh - kūfiyya
khamsin - ḵamsīn ‘fifty (days)’
kismet - qisma ‘portion, lot’ - qasama divide
kohl - kuḥl ‘kohl’ - kah’ala stain, paint
Koran - al-qurʾān ‘recitation’ - qaraʾa read
lilac - līlāk - from Persian
lemon - laymūn - from Persian
lime - līmah ‘citrus fruit’
loofah - lūfa a plant whose pods were used as sponges
lute - al-ʿūd ‘wood’
macramé - miqrama ‘striped cloth’
magazine - maḵāzin ‘storehouses’ - ḵazana store
Mahdi - mahdiyy ‘one who is guided aright’ - hadā lead
majlis - majlis ‘council’
mancala - manqala - naqala move
marzipan - marṭabān, possibly Mottama in Burma
mask - perhaps masḵara ‘buffoon’ - saḵira ridicule
mattress - maṭraḥ ‘place where something is thrown, mat, cushion’ - ṭaraḥa throw
minaret - manāra - nār fire
mohair - muḵayyar ‘choice (goats’-hair cloth)’ - ḵayyara select
monsoon - mawsim ‘eason’ - wasama mark
mosque - masjid - sagada worship
Mozarabic - mustaʿrib ‘would-be Arab’
muezzin - muʾaḏḏin ‘criers’ - adhana proclaim
mufti - muftī ‘one who gives a fatwa’
mujahedeen - mujāhidīn ‘fighters in a jihad’
mullah - mawlan ‘master’
mummy - mūmiyā ‘embalmed body’ - mūm ’(embalming) wax’
Muslim - muslim ‘submitter’ - aslama submit oneself
muslin - Mauşil ‘Mosul’
nadir - naẓīr as-samt ‘opposite the zenith’
natron - naṭrūn - from Greek
nizam - niḏam ‘government’
orange - nāranj - from Sanskrit
ottoman - ʿUthmān, a proper name
pia mater - Latin calque on umm raqīqah ‘tender mother’
popinjay - babḡāʾ ‘parrot’
Primum Mobile - Latin calque on al-muh’ arrik al-awwal ‘the first mover’
racket - rāḥa ‘palm of the hand’
Ramadan - ramaḍān meaning perhaps ‘the hot month’ - ramaḍa be heated
realgar - rahj al-ḡār ‘powder of the cave’
ream (of paper) - rizma ‘bundle’
rebec - rebāb
Rigel - rijl ‘foot (of Orion)’
roc - ruḵḵ
rook (chess) - ruḵḵ - from Persian
Rubaiyyat - rubāʾīya ‘quatrain’
safari - safarīy ‘journey’ - safara travel
saffron - zaʿfarān
Sahara - ṣaḥārā ‘desert’
sahib - ṣāḥib ‘friend’
salaam - as-salām `alaikum ‘peace be on you’
saluki - salūḵī ‘from Saluḵ’
Saracen - sharqīyīn ‘easterners’ - shāraqa rise
sash - šāš ‘muslin’
satin - probably zaytūnī ‘of Zaytūn’ (a city in China)
scarlet - siklāt ‘(cloth) adorned with images’ - from Latin
sequin - sikka ‘die for coinmaking’
Sharia - šarīʿa ‘path’
sheikh - šayḵ ‘old man’ - šāḵa grow old
sherbet - šarba - shariba drink
Shiite - šiyaʿīy, from šiyāʿ ‘following, sect’ - šaʿa follow
shrub [drink] - širāb ‘a drink’ - šariba drink
sine - Latin sinus, mistranslation of jayb ‘chord of an arc, sine’, through confusion with jayb ‘fold of a garment’
sirocco - šarq ‘east (wind)’ - shāraqa rise
sofa - ṣuffa ‘raised dais with cushions’
souk - sūq ‘marketplace’
spinach - isfānāḵ
Sufi - ṣūfiyy ‘man of wool’
sugar - sukkar - from Sanskrit
sultan - sulṭān ‘sovereign’
sumac - summāq
Sunni - sunnī ‘lawful’, from sunnāh ‘rule, course’
sura - sūra
syrup - šarāb ‘beverage’ - šariba drink
tabbouleh - tabbūla
tabby - ʿattābiyy, a neighborhood in Baghdad where taffeta was made
tahini - ṭaḥīna crush
Taliban - ṭālib ‘student’ - ṭalaba study
talisman - ṭilasm - from Greek
tamarind - tamr-hindī ‘date of India’
tambourine - a small tambour, from ṭunbūr - from Persian
tandoori - tannūr ‘oven’
tarboosh - ṭarbūš
tare [weight] - ṭarḥa ‘rejected’ - ṭaraḥa reject
tariff - taʿrifa‘notification’ - ʿarafa notify
tarragon - ṭarḵūn - possibly from Greek
tell [mound] - tall ‘hillock’
ujamaa - jamāʿa ‘community’
ulema - ʿulamāʾ ‘the learned ones’ - ʿalama know
Vega - an-nasr al-wāqiʿ ‘the falling vulture’
vizier - wazīr ‘porter, public servant’ - wazara carry
wadi - wādīn
Waqf - waqf ‘religious foundation’
wisdom tooth - from a Latin calque on aḏrāsu ’l ḥikmi - calqued from Greek
zenith - samt ‘path’
zero - şifr ‘empty’