The Wede:i Language

The Wede:i language family

The material on Cuolese and Jeori has been moved to this page. (It hasn't been modified to match the new Wede:i material, but what's here should still be correct.)

The Wede:i grammar is here; the Wede:i lexicon is here.
--Mark Rosenfelder

Cuolese
Phonology
Sound changes from Wede:i
Morphology
Jeori
Phonology
Sound changes from Wede:i
Morphology
Sample sentences
Wede:i/Jeori/Cuolese Comparative Lexicon

Cuolese [To Index]

This section is not intended as a full description of Cuolese, but only as a résumé of how the modern language developed from Wede:i. This will be somewhat misleading, in that the language has been heavily influenced by Xurnáš, as well as by the Lenani languages of the Jippirasti nomads who occupied the region for nearly eight centuries.

Phonology [To Index]

The consonant system has not greatly changed: the alveolar-palatals śź have fronted a bit to šž; a new affricate c has developed, realized as [ts] in Doju, as [č] in Pronel.

The vowels have changed more dramatically, developing into a pitch-accent system. Very likely the long vowels were already pronounced with a raised pitch. The length was lost, but the high pitch remained; thus Wede:i a: → Cuolese á, etc. (High tone is represented with an acute accent.) The long diphthongs were evidently pronounced high on the onglide (the main vowel), back to medium on the offglide; this became a falling tone: a:i → à etc.

Very few Wede:i words had two long syllables; where these did occur, one has shortened so that there is never more than one tone per word.

Moreover, vowels before n nasalized and absorbed the consonant: an → ã etc. If the vowel was long, it may be both nasalized and high tone: a:n → á~.

Finally, front rounded vowels ü ö developed from several sources: short au, as well as back vowels after y or before r and l. The nasalized vowels can be rounded as well: ṏ.

Sound changes from Wede:i [To Index]

R stands for r or l

1. au → ö
a:u → ò pauka → pög
sa:u → sò

2. ei → i:, ai → e:
e:i → è; a:i → à Jeiwor → Jíwör; Źaikye → Žéc
wa:igu → wàju; Wede:i → Weè

3. yu → ü, yo → ö yuma → üm; yonu → önu

4. [+stop] → [+affric] / (V,#)_(i,u) kugoli → Cuoli; tik → ciw; digu → juju

5. [+stop +voice] → ø / V_V Wede:i → Weè; kugoli → Cuoli; no:biźi → nóiži

6. [+stop, +fric] → [+voice] / V_(V,w) ŋosu → gozu; papa → pab; raśak → ražaw

7. [+back] → [+round -long] /_R ŋor → gör, tur → cür; to:l → töl

8. i → u / [+sib]_C sim → sum → sũ; zimi → zumi

9. a → o / _ng baŋ → boŋ

10. e → i / _Ri ŋeli → ŋili

11. k → w / _# yonok → önow

12. p → py / _i
ky → c / _i pina → pyin
Źaikye → Žéc

13. [+short] → ø / VC_CV yoneniŋ → yonniŋ → ṏniŋ; paźiwa → pažwa; Śelawor → Śelwör → Šewör

14. o → ou / C(C)_# bo → bou

15. (n,m) → ~ / _#, _C jalan → jalã; Šimka:u → Šũkò

16. (a,e) → ø / VC_# pauka → pöga → pög; gu:me → gúm

17. R → ø / _C kalzi → kazi; neruwen → nerwen → newẽ

18. [+long] → [+high] no: → nó

19. ŋ → g / #_(a,e,o,u,ö)
ŋ → m /_[+labial]
ŋ → n / _[+dental] ŋol → göl; ŋaza → gaz
yoniŋwe → önimwe; soŋmiŋ → sommiŋ
yoniŋtu → önintu; Boruŋdau → Börundö

20. ö → o / u_ kugoli → Cuöli → Cuoli

21. [+alv-pal] → [-palatal] źeku → žeku; śuk → šuw

Morphology [To Index]

The verbal morphology is largely intact, but has become a good deal more fusional. For instance, here are the basic forms of the verb önu 'speak'; note that there is no longer a single recognizable past tense morpheme. Note also that the verb root ön-, if it occurs before a consonant, nasalizes to ṏ.

Present Past

öniŋ I speak ṏciŋ I spoke

önil you speak ṏcil you spoke

ön he speaks önow he spoke

The subject-object forms in the present tense also show a good deal of fusion.

1st person subject 2nd person subject

ṏniŋ I speak to myself öninu you speak to me

öniŋku I speak to you (s) ṏnil you speak to yourself

ṏŋi I speak to him ṏli you speak to him

ṏŋu I speak to her ṏlu you speak to her

önintu I speak to us önitu you speak to us

önimwe I speak to you (pl) öniwe you speak to yourselves

3rd person subject
ṏno he speaks to me

ṏku he speaks to you (s)

önẽ he speaks to himself

ṏjö he speaks to someone else

ṏtu he speaks to us

ṏwe he speaks to you (pl)

Nominal endings, perhaps because they are usually used alone, are more recognizable. Plurals always involve nasalization, but if the root ends in a consonant there is an added vowel, which is synchronically unpredictable though it is almost always that of the Wede:i etymon (for the examples, do:n, gu:me, dau, zimi).

horse man city woman

s. nom. dón gúm dö zumi

s. acc. dónu gṹwu döwu zũwu

s. dat. dṍni gṹni döni zũni

pl. dónũ gúmẽ dṏ zumĩ

Jeori [To Index]

Jeori is the Wede:i language of Jeor, properly speaking the region west of the Ideis (W. Jei) river. It's useful to distinguish two stages:

Old Jeori, the language of the Jei Union (Z.E. 250-700) and the empire of Jeor (700-930). The structure of the language was little different from the classical Wede:i of a thousand years before, but there were some significant phonological changes.
New Jeori, the language of modern Jeor, a province of Xurno from the 2600s on, and independent as Tásuc Tag from 3025. The language died out as the everyday language of the region well before independence, but it has retained a good deal of prestige as a badge of nationalism, and it survives as a literary language (and indeed as the official language of Tásuc Tag).

Phonology [To Index]

The sounds of New Jeori are as follows: Jeori consonants

The consonantal system is unremarkable; it has simply developed new fricatives v, x and new affricates c = [ts] and an unvoiced č. The vowel system is more complex, and it's worth looking at how it developed from late Wede:i.
Jeori vowels

Where the characteristic development of long vowels in Cuolese was to high pitch, in Jeori it was to tenseness. Roughly speaking the long vowels have become tense vowels i e o u a in Jeori, and remained where they were-- a however backing to [a].

The short vowels must have all been laxed in late Wede:i-- moved toward the center of the vowel space. In Old Jeori, the high short vowels i u merged to a high central vowel î = [i], while the mid short vowels e o merged to schwa ə. At the same time, short a became fronted [æ].

Some of the short vowels have further shifted in New Jeori. æ raised a bit to become ê = [e]; î fronted to become more or less [I] as in 'bit'. A new back vowel û = [ʋ] as in 'put' arose from certain diphthongs as well as from interconsonantal /w/.

As a further complication, ə and î are elided-- typically, if they occur in the second syllable of the word. This has created new consonant clusters, which have been simplified by (backward) assimilation.

yonokenil → yanəkənîl → yankənîl → yandûnyîl
De:ijubori → Deyjîbər → Dejbər
ŋu:made:i → Nyumədey → Nyumdey → Yumbe

Sound changes from Wede:i [To Index]

These can be divided into two sets; the first covers the evolution of Old Jeori. Many of these rules can be taken as phonetic rather than phonemic changes-- e.g. the reduction of short vowels, or the wholesale changes that applied to several initials.

B represents any back vowel, including a; X represents any consonant except a nasal.

1. i → y / B_ wa:ino → vaynə, Wede:i → vədey

2. yg → j
yl → ly wa:igu → vajî
ba:ilu → balyî

3. wk → kw / _V
k → p / _w lauku:ru → lakwu:ru → læpwurî
rukwen → rîpwən

4. a(:)w → o: sa:un → zon, dau → do, Śelawor → Śæloər

5. n → ŋ / _[+velar] na:ŋu → naŋgî

6. z → dz, ź → dź / #_
s → z / #_
w → v / #_ zimi → dzîmî, źeku → dźəgî
sim → zîm
wen → vən

7. t → č / _u yoniltu → yanîlčî

8. V → ø / VCVC_# yonili → yanîl; dowogu → dawəg

9. a → ə / VC(C)_ ŋu:ma → nyumə; Nakani: → Nækən

10. e → æ / #C_
o → a: / #C_ men → mæn
losu → lasî

11. a → æ
(e,o) → ə
(u,i) → î gala:i → gælay
gu:me → gumə, dowo → dawə
kudu → kîdî, niz → nîz

12. : → ø na:n → nan, no: → no

13. î → ə / îC(C)_X Buruźi → Bîrîś → Bîrəś

14. ŋ → ny / #_, V_B ŋu:ma → nyumə, ruŋa:i → rînyay

The following changes take us to New Jeori, almost up to modern times.

F represents a front vowel or y. E represents a mid front vowel (e î ê).

1. æ → ê bæŋ → bwêŋ

2. ə → û / əC(C)_
ə → ø / _CV yanəkənîl → yanəkûnîl → yankûnîl → yandûnyîl

3. î → ø / VC_C(î,ə) Deyjîbər → Dejbər; yanîlîn → yanlin

4. [+stop -voice] → [+fric] / _[+stop], _# mæknə → mwêxŋə, yanək → yanəx

5. ny → y nyonə → yonə

6. ly → ź nyalyo → yaźo

7. d → r / V_V radə → rarə

8. dź → j
dz → c dźəŋgî → jəŋgyî
dzonî → conyî

9. (m,b) → w / V_F, F_V nobîź → nowîź; vaymə → vawə

10. ø → w / (m,b,p)_F mæk → mêk → mwêx, bi → bwih, pînə → pwinə

11. k → gy / V_E, E_V
ø → y / (k,g,n)_E bîkə → bwîgyə, rækî → rêgyî
ketə → kyetə, nîz → nyîz, maŋgî → maŋgyî

12. y → ø / (a,e)_ mayn → man, deyjî → dejî

13. əw → o
əy → ê guməw → gumo
nînəy → ninê

14. îw → û
îy → i pæźîw → pwêźû
tîyən → tiən → tin

15. (i,e,ê) → [+raised] / _n mæn → mwên → mwen, dzenî → cînyî, tîn → tin

16. ə → ø / V_C Nyumoər → Yumor

17. s → h, g → x / V_ə tosə → tohə, kægə → kyêxə

18. [+stop, +fric] → [+voice] / [+voice]_ dzensəjî → cînzjî, pæməkîn → pwêmkyin → pwêmgyin → pwêmbyin

19. [+stop, +fric] → [-voice] / [-voice]_ yanəkzə → yanəksû

20. č → kx / ŋ_ yanîŋčî → yanyîŋkxî

21. [+stop] → [+velar] / [+velar]_ Barîŋdo → Barîŋgo

22. [+stop] → [+dental] / [+dental]_ yanəkîn → yankyin → yandin

23. [+stop] → [+labial] / [+labial]_r → w / [+labial]_ Zæbîŋəl → Zêbŋəl → Zêbməl
Jæybərîŋ → Jebrîŋ → Jebwîŋ

24. ln → d
l assimilates to following č, z, w yanîlnə → yanyîdə
yanîlwə → yanîwwə

25. w → û / C_C zîpwən → zîpwn → zîpûn

26. ê → y / (a,o)_ taæ → taê → tay, voæ → voê → voy

27. ø → h / #C(C)(a,e,i)_#
ø → w / #C(C)(o,u)_# ta → tah, te → teh, bi → bwih
to → tow, tu → tuw

28. y → ø / (n,d)_i donîn → donyîn → donyin → donin
yanəkîn → yandyin → yandin

Morphology [To Index]

The verbal morphology can be traced back to Wede:i, but has become a good deal more fusional. Here are the basic forms of yanyî 'speak', pwaî 'hear', śigyî 'work'. There are patterns-- for instance, the personal endings can be identified as -îŋ, -îl, -î/əx, -ŋin, -lin, -in, but even these tend to fuse with the verb root, and the past tense essentially has to be learned as a modification of the verb root, though it derives regularly from Wede:i -ok-.

The chief cause of the fusion of the past morpheme is vowel syncope-- which generally reduced the -ok to -k and left it adjacent to the root-- plus backward assimilation. So n + k → nd, m + k → mb, g + k → gg.

Classical Wede:i did not have plural subject forms: yoniŋ meant both 'I speak' and 'we speak'. Old Jeori innovated forms using the normal pluralizer (Wede:i -un, Old Jeori -în): yaniŋ 'I speak', yaniŋîn 'we speak'.

Present Past

'speak'

yanyîŋ I speak yandyîŋ I spoke

yanyîl you s speak yandyîl you s spoke

yanyî he speaks yanəx he spoke

yannin we speak yandyîŋin we spoke

yanlin you pl speak yandyîlin you pl spoke

yanin they speak yandin they spoke

'hear'

pwaîŋ I hear pwêmbyîŋ I heard

pwaîl you s hear pwêmbyîl you s heard

pwaî he hears pwax he heard

pwêmmin we hear pwêmbyîŋin we heard

pwêmlin you pl hear pwêmbyîlin you pl heard

pwain they hear pwêmbyin they heard

'work'

śigyîŋ I work śiggyîŋ I worked

śîxəl you s work śiggyîl you s worked

śigyî he works śixəx he worked

śigŋin we work śîggyîŋin we worked

śiglin you pl work śîggyîŋil you pl worked

śigyin they work śîggyin they worked

There are quite a few other verb forms, but there has been a tendency to replace them with independent adverbs or auxiliaries. The incorporated object affixes became increasingly literary; in speech separate object pronouns were developed.

Nominal endings are only somewhat the worse for wear; the accusative ending is almost always -ə, the dative -nyî-- though this is sometimes due to reanalysis. The plural ending is typically -n after vowels, -in after consonants, with the case endings added normally after it.

horse man city woman

s. nom. don gumə dow cûî

s. acc. donə gumo dowə cûo

s. dat. donnyî gummyî donyî cûin

pl. nom. donin gumən don cûîn

pl. acc. doninə gumənə donə cûînə

pl. dat. doninnyî gumənnyî donnyî cûînnyî

Sample sentences [To Index]

Here are a few sample sentences in all four languages. The first two are selected to emphasize the continuity of the Wede:i family; the last two are designed to show off some of the differences in the languages as they are today.

Wede:i Paźiwa lil śal zimiwo zu:rtau.
king this beautiful woman-ACC want-have

Old Jeori Pæźîw lîl śæl dzîməw dzurto.

New Jeori Pwêźû lîl śśêl cûo curto.

Cuolese Pažwa lil šal zũwu zütö.

English The king loves this beautiful woman.

Wede:i Muna:ido na:nunni na:nyoniŋok.
temple-LOC god-PL-DAT god-speak-I-PAST

Old Jeori Mînaydə nanînnî nanyənəkîŋ.

New Jeori Mwinarə naninnyî nanyandyîŋ.

Cuolese Munào nánũni nánṏciŋ.

English I prayed in the temple to the gods.

Wede:i Ge:ŋgunno śaukgumo paijilźu?
beard-man-GEN rule-man-ACC fear-QUES

Old Jeori Geŋgînîŋ nibewo pæyjîlźî?

New Jeori Asungri runircyî pwejo źucînyîl?
Axunemi ruler-DAT fear-ACC QUES-know-YOU

Cuolese Lil ezjuzũ giecu zen woŋil?
that Ezičimi lord-ACC NEG-QUES fear-YOU

English Do you fear the lord of the Easterners?

Wede:i Riŋtuka:ido la:uliilokkiu, kalziku śa:usir.
tavern-LOC meet-YOU-PAST-IF-HER wife-YOUR shame-WITHOUT

Old Jeori Kælzîkəw rîŋčəkaydə lolîəkîlkî, lîlzî śosîr.
wife-YOUR-ACC tavern-LOC meet-PAST-YOU-IF she shame-WITHOUT

New Jeori Kyîź kyîr laŋzo pwîddozîd ceyûgyîl, vew śosîrə dîzî.
if your wife-ACC tavern-LOC meet-PAST-YOU, she shameless-ACC have

Cuolese Šẽbrio jiracuwu lòliocilü, šōzur lienü.
tavern-LOC wife-YOUR-ACC meet-PAST-YOU-IRR shameless be-IRR

English If you met your wife in the tavern, she is shameless.

Things to note in example 3:

Different means of asking questions (New Jeori turned the suffix źu into an interrogative prefix; Cuolese has turned a tag question zene 'or not?' into a negative-interrogative particle).
Three different ways of referring to the Axunaic peoples: native Wede:i Ge:ŋgun 'bearded men', Xurnese Asungri 'of Axunai', Axunašin Ezičiz (singular of Ezičimi).
Wede:i referred to a foreign king generically as śaukgu 'ruler'; Old Jeori used the 'proper' word, Axunašin niwe; Jeori and Cuolese use Xurnáš words-- raunirc 'governor' and giec 'lord' respectively.
New Jeori also replaces the verb paiju 'fear' with pwejo cînyî 'know fear' (a typical way of expressing mental states), while Cuolese replaces it with woŋi, originally meaning 'feel disgust'.

Things to note in example 4:

The syntax of if clauses has changed in the modern languages. In Jeori, a new particle kyîź has developed from ki 'if' + źu 'interrogative'. In Cuolese, both conjoints are placed in the irrealis, which derives from the Wede:i tentative aspect -yu.
The modern languages don't allow adjectives to be used as verbs. Jeori says the woman 'has shameless(ness)', while Cuolese has created a copula from the Wede:i expression lien 'see oneself'.
Jeori has innovated a system of pronouns-- several, in fact, over time. Old Jeori lîlzî is analyzable as 'that woman', and is one of a large number of similar expressions. New Jeori vew derives from we:u 'her greatness', and is a calque on early Xurnáš toec.
'Wife' in Jeori is laŋzî, from 'marry-woman'; Cuolese jira is from Xurnáš.
'Tavern' in Wede:i is riŋtuka:i, the place for riŋtuka 'rye beer'. Jeori has replaced this with pwîddoz from Axunašin pididouz 'drink-house'; Cuolese šẽbri comes from Tžuro šembri.
Wede:i la:uliu 'meet' = 'come to see' was replaced in Jeori with a derivative of ze:nyai 'begin to know'.

Wede:i/Jeori/Cuolese Comparative Lexicon [To Index]

This lexicon is intended to show the development of words from ancient Wede:i; it should not be used, even indirectly, as a dictionary of the modern languages. Very often meanings have shifted, and many of these words have not survived as independent lexical items.

Wede:i Old Jeori New Jeori Cuolese Wede:i meaning

Numbers

bo ba bah bou one

yok yak yax öw two

śir śîr śir šur three

tause tosə tohə töz four

pina pînə pwinə pyin five

baŋ bæŋ bwêŋ boŋ six

(Ax. šeis) śæys śes šís seven

(Ax. yugi) yîgî yîgyî üji eight

(Ax. nebi) næbî nyaî nei nine

(Ax. deis) dæys des dís ten

a:inu aynî anyî ànu help

bai bæy bweh bé tower

ba:ilu balyî baźî bālu remove

ba:n ban ban bã́ oats

ba:un bon bon bò~ storm

begoŋ bægəŋ bwêxəŋ beoŋ the moon Iliažë

ben bæn bwen bẽ under

bendata bændətæ bwenddê bẽdad grandmother

benpapa bænpəpæ bwempwê bẽpab grandfather

bi: bi bwih bí white, bright

bi:ka bikə bwikə bíg silver

birbi: bîrbi bwîrbwi bibí the moon Iliacáš

biźi bîźî bwîźî biži grass

bogu bagî bagyî boju person

boka bagî bagyî bog thing

bori barî barî böri island

buka bîkə bwîgyə bug deer

bukuro bîkər bwîgîr bucüru owl

da:iu dayî daî dàu value

data dætə dêtə dad father

dau do dow dö city

dauka dæpwə dêpwə dög whale

da:wi doî doî dáwi boy

de:i dey deh dè people

digu dîgî dîgyî juju hide

di:n din din dí~ daughter

do: do dow dó wind

dolu dalî dalî dölu hang

do:n don don dṍ horse

dowo dawə dawə dowu no

dowogu dawəg dawg dowju nobody

du:r dur dur dür mortar

duzul dîzəl dîzəl juzül slave

eze:r əzer zer ezér thousand

gai gæy gyeh gé log

gala:i gælay gyêla galà enclosure

galu gælî gyêlî galu close

gauji gojî gojî göji fruit

ge:ŋ geŋ gyeŋ géŋ beard

goju gajî gajî goju steal

go:rtu gorčî gorčî götu ocean

gouŋ gawŋ gawn gouŋ far

gu:me gumə gumə gúm man

guśa gîśə gyîśə juž respect

guśu gîśî gyîśî južu honor

i:l il il íl eye

iteru îtər îtər idru shine

ituri îčər îčər icüri read

ja:iu jayî jaî jàu tell

jalan jælən jêlən jalã wave

jan jæn jen jẽ arrow

jaŋu jæŋî jêŋî joŋu breathe

jauka jæpwə jêpwə jög wolf

jen jæn jen jã forest

jok jak jax jow other

joŋ jaŋ jaŋ joŋ black

jo:na jonə jonə jón cat

ju jî jî ju east

juku jîkî jîgyî jucu sneeze

juŋ jîŋ jîŋ juŋ son

kago kægə kyêxə kao basket

ka:imu kaymî kawî kàmu buy

kal kæl kyêl kal good

kalzi kælzî kyêzzî kazi wife

kamu kæmî kyaî kamu guard

kariji kærîj kyêrîj kaji neck

ka:u ko kow kò mouth

keŋ kæŋ kyêŋ keŋ foot

ke:ta ketə kyetə kéd hundred

ki kî kyî ci tooth

kimu kîmî kyûî cimu bite

koku kakî kagyî kocu die

komo kamə kamə komu house

komogu kaməg kaməg kõju servant

kudu kîdî kyîrî cuju break

kugo kîgə kyîxə cuo cap

kur kîr kyîr cür ram

ku:ru kurî kurî cüru give

la:i lay lah là glory

la:ŋu laŋî laŋî láŋu marry

la:u lo low lò type of seashell

lauji lojî lojî löji money

la:uk lok lox lòw because

lauku:ru kæpwurî lêpwurî lögüru pay

la:uliu lolîî lolî lòliu find, meet

legau lægo lêgo leö pear

leźu læźî lêźî ležu trust

leźugu læźîg lêźîg ležju official

lil lîl lîl lil this

lila:u lîlo lîlo lilò approach

liluŋ lîlîŋ lîlîŋ liluŋ near

liu lîî lî liu see

loŋ laŋ laŋ loŋ buckle

losu lasî lasî lozu moose

lu: lu luw lú water

lumu lîmî lûî lumu wash

lun lîn lin lũ north

lu:źensagu luźənsəgî luźənzûgyî lúžẽsaju engineer

mai mæy mweh mé wheat

ma:in mayn man mà~ star

mak mæk mwêx maw cousin

ma:ku makî magyî mácu defeat

ma:n man man má~ great

ma:ngu maŋgî maŋgyî má~gu nobleman

ma:nzi manzî manzî má~zi noblewoman

ma:r mar mar már female

ma:rzi marzî marzî mázi woman

mau mo mow mö fill

ma:un mon mon mò~ leopard

melen mælən mwêlən melẽ heart

men mæn wen mẽ pine cone

miriŋ mîrîŋ mwîrîŋ miriŋ snake

moga magə maxə moa ear

mogau mago mago moö peach

mo:mo momə momə mómu young

mo:ngu moŋgî moŋgyî mṍgu young man

mo:nzi monzî monzî mṍzi young woman

muku mîkî mwîgyî mucu bull

na:i nay nah nà bird

na:n nan nan ná~ god

na:ŋgu naŋgî naŋgyî náŋgu priest

na:nśauk nanśok nanźox ná~šöw rite

nanuŋ nænîŋ nyenyîŋ nanuŋ divine

na:u no now nò ox

na:wen noən non náwẽ axe

neru nærî nyêrî neru lie down

neruwen nærîwən nyêrûn newẽ bed

ni: ni nih ní field

ni:gu nigî nigyî níju peasant

niji nîjî nyîjî niji animal

nine nînə ninə nin hill

niŋmala:i niŋməlay nyînla nimmalà market

niŋmali nîŋməlî nyînlî nimmali trade

nitu nîčî nyîčî nicu walk

nituk nîčək nyîčəx nicuw in order to

niz nîz nyîz niz palace

no: no now nó red

no:biźi nobîź nowîź nóiži redcane

na:ila:u nyalyo yaźo ŋàlò invite

n:ai nyay yah ŋà hand

ŋauji nyojî yojî göji tongue

ŋauna nyonə yonə ŋòn street

ŋaza nyæzə yêzə gaz clay

ŋegea nyægəæ yêxê gea rising

ŋeka nyækə yêgyə geg flower

ŋeli nyælî yêlî ŋili land

ŋera:i nyæray yêra gerà household

ŋeru nyærî yêrî geru live

ŋeu nyəw yah geu rise

ŋinji nyînjî yinjî ŋĩji song

ŋinu nyînî yînyî ŋinu sing

ŋol nyal yal göl fire

ŋor nyar yar gör big

ŋosu nyasî yasî gozu flog

ŋozi nyazî yazî gozi same

ŋu:ma nyumə yumə ŋúm mountain

ŋun nyîn yin gũ grape

paira pæyrə pwerə pér basin

paźiwa pæźîw pwêźû pažwa king

piŋgau pîŋgo pwîŋgo pyiŋgö apple

paiju pæyjî pwejî péju fear

palin pælîn pwêlin palĩ again

pamu pæmî pwaî pamu hear

pana pænə pwenə pan rooster

papa pæpə pwêpə pab mother

pauka pæpwə pwêpwə pög mole

pik pîk pwîx pyiw green

pir pîr pwîr pyir lyre

pirma pîrmə pwîrmə pyima harp

po: po pow pó hair

ponu panî panyî ponu jump

pu:k puk pux púw crime

rada rædə rêrə raa seed

ral ræl rêl ral shrine

raśak ræsək rêźəx ražaw fox

rau ro row rö door

reja ræjə rêjə rej storm

reku rækî rêgyî recu trap

ril rîl rîl ril egg

rimu rîmî rûî rimu weave

roda radə rarə roa brother

ru: ru ruw rú sun

ruk rîk rîx ruw sharp

rukwen rîpwən rîpûn rugwẽ weapon

ruŋa:i rînyay ria ruŋà capital

ruŋu rîŋî rîŋî ruŋu govern

ruti rîtî rîtî ruci rush

sai zæy zeh sé middle

sakana zækən zêgîn sagna fish

saŋ zæŋ zêŋ song south

sa:un zon zon sò~ law

seki zækî zêgyî seci night

sela:i zælay zêla selà general

si zî zî si room

sim zîm zîm sũ word

soŋka zaŋkə zaŋkə soŋka bear

soŋmiŋ zaŋmîŋ zaŋwîŋ sommiŋ jade

soźu zaźî zaźî sožu lose

su: zu zuw sú new

suku zîkî zîgyî sucu stab

sukwen zîpwən zîpûn sugwẽ dagger

śabuk śæbîk śaîx šauw fast

śa:u śo śow šò guilt

ša:uk śok śox šòw rule

śebaru śæbər śar šearu write

śebarul śæbərîl śêbwîl šearül book

śela śælə śêlə šel shelter

śelu śælî śêlî šelu shelter (v)

śen śæn śen šẽ above

śendi:n śændin śendin šẽdí~ granddaughter

śenjuŋ śænjîŋ śænjîŋ šẽjuŋ grandson

śi śî šî ši lake

śigu śîgî śîgyî šuju work

śin śîn śin šũ cow

śoba:n śaban śaban šoá~ oatmeal

śojo śajə śajə šoju chin; pride

śok śak śax šuw bundle

ta:i tay tah tà right (side)

taku tækî têgyî tacu stop

taŋ tæŋ têŋ toŋ thirty-six

tan tæn ten tã fertile

tareŋ tærəŋ têrəŋ tareŋ blood

ta:uno tonə tonə tònu why

te: te teh té arm

tel tæl têl tel male

telgu tælgi têlgyî tegu male person

tenu tænî tenyî tenu choose

tik tîk tîx ciw old

tin tîn tin cĩ day

tiyona tîyən tin ciön squid

ti:zi tizî tizî tízi cry

to: to tow tó clever

to ta tah tou knife

toa taæ tay toa sword

tok tak tax tow blue

to:l tol tol töl each

tu: tu tuw tú crossroads

tula:u čîlo čîlo cülò decide

tur čîr čîr cür stick

wada vædə vêrə waa chair

wa:i vay vah wà boat

wa:igu vajî vajî wàju sailor

wa:ima vaymə vawə wàm ship

wata vætə vêtə wad year

wau vo vow wö bark

wawa voæ voy waw baby

we: ve veh wé great

wen vən vən wẽ luck

wete vətə vdû wed birch

wila:r vîlar vîlar wilár goddess æ planet

woŋi vəŋî vmî woŋi disgust

wor vər vər wör west

yai yæy yeh yé jewel

yaŋ yæŋ yêŋ yoŋ nest

yatu yæčî yêčî yacu order

yauji yojî yojî yöji beetle

ye yæ yê ye river

yebi: yæbi yai yeí gold

yebi:li yæbil yail yeíli rich

yedu yædî yêrî yeju think

yonu yanî yanyî önu speak

yoru yarî yarî öru dance

yuma yîmə yûə üm head

zai dzæy ceh zé lightning

zak dzæk cêx zaw spoon

zaran dzærən cêrən zarã sour

zau dzo cow zö sand

za:uni dzonî conyî zòni family

zawak dzoæk coyx zawaw beach

zel dzəl cəl zel turtle

ze:nsaji dzensəjî cînjî zé~saji parable

ze:nu dzenî cînyî zénu know

zimi dzîmî cûî zumi woman

zoko dzəkə ckû zogu altar

zotu dzəčî cûčî zocu belong

zu dzî cî zu meat

zu:ru dzurî curî züru get, take

źaik dźæyk jex žéw yellow

źal dźæl jêl žal flat

źa:u dźo jow žò plow

źe: dźe jeh žé wheel

źeba dźəbə jbû žea hawk

źegu dźəgî jûgyî žeju lust

źeku dźəkî jûgyî žecu fall

źensagu dźənsəgî jənzûgyî žẽsaju leader

źenu dśənî jûnyî ženu go

źi:a:i dźiay jia žía garden

źi:u dźiî jiî žíu grow

źomu dźəmî jmwi žomu oppose

źongu dźəŋî jəŋgyî žõgu enemy

źosa dźəsə jîzû žoz hut

źue dźîə jî žue broom

źunu dźînî jinyî žunu suckle

źunwen dźînwən jinûn žũwẽ breast

1.	au → ö a:u → ò	pauka → pög sa:u → sò
2.	ei → i:, ai → e: e:i → è; a:i → à	Jeiwor → Jíwör; Źaikye → Žéc wa:igu → wàju; Wede:i → Weè
3.	yu → ü, yo → ö	yuma → üm; yonu → önu
4.	[+stop] → [+affric] / (V,#)_(i,u)	kugoli → Cuoli; tik → ciw; digu → juju
5.	[+stop +voice] → ø / V_V	Wede:i → Weè; kugoli → Cuoli; no:biźi → nóiži
6.	[+stop, +fric] → [+voice] / V_(V,w)	ŋosu → gozu; papa → pab; raśak → ražaw
7.	[+back] → [+round -long] /_R	ŋor → gör, tur → cür; to:l → töl
8.	i → u / [+sib]_C	sim → sum → sũ; zimi → zumi
9.	a → o / _ng	baŋ → boŋ
10.	e → i / _Ri	ŋeli → ŋili
11.	k → w / _#	yonok → önow
12.	p → py / _i ky → c / _i	pina → pyin Źaikye → Žéc
13.	[+short] → ø / VC_CV	yoneniŋ → yonniŋ → ṏniŋ; paźiwa → pažwa; Śelawor → Śelwör → Šewör
14.	o → ou / C(C)_#	bo → bou
15.	(n,m) → ~ / _#, _C	jalan → jalã; Šimka:u → Šũkò
16.	(a,e) → ø / VC_#	pauka → pöga → pög; gu:me → gúm
17.	R → ø / _C	kalzi → kazi; neruwen → nerwen → newẽ
18.	[+long] → [+high]	no: → nó
19.	ŋ → g / #_(a,e,o,u,ö) ŋ → m /_[+labial] ŋ → n / _[+dental]	ŋol → göl; ŋaza → gaz yoniŋwe → önimwe; soŋmiŋ → sommiŋ yoniŋtu → önintu; Boruŋdau → Börundö
20.	ö → o / u_	kugoli → Cuöli → Cuoli
21.	[+alv-pal] → [-palatal]	źeku → žeku; śuk → šuw

Present		Past
öniŋ	I speak	ṏciŋ	I spoke
önil	you speak	ṏcil	you spoke
ön	he speaks	önow	he spoke

1st person subject		2nd person subject
ṏniŋ	I speak to myself	öninu	you speak to me
öniŋku	I speak to you (s)	ṏnil	you speak to yourself
ṏŋi	I speak to him	ṏli	you speak to him
ṏŋu	I speak to her	ṏlu	you speak to her
önintu	I speak to us	önitu	you speak to us
önimwe	I speak to you (pl)	öniwe	you speak to yourselves
3rd person subject
ṏno	he speaks to me
ṏku	he speaks to you (s)
önẽ	he speaks to himself
ṏjö	he speaks to someone else
ṏtu	he speaks to us
ṏwe	he speaks to you (pl)

	horse	man	city	woman
s. nom.	dón	gúm	dö	zumi
s. acc.	dónu	gṹwu	döwu	zũwu
s. dat.	dṍni	gṹni	döni	zũni
pl.	dónũ	gúmẽ	dṏ	zumĩ

1.	i → y / B_	wa:ino → vaynə, Wede:i → vədey
2.	yg → j yl → ly	wa:igu → vajî ba:ilu → balyî
3.	wk → kw / _V k → p / _w	lauku:ru → lakwu:ru → læpwurî rukwen → rîpwən
4.	a(:)w → o:	sa:un → zon, dau → do, Śelawor → Śæloər
5.	n → ŋ / _[+velar]	na:ŋu → naŋgî
6.	z → dz, ź → dź / #_ s → z / #_ w → v / #_	zimi → dzîmî, źeku → dźəgî sim → zîm wen → vən
7.	t → č / _u	yoniltu → yanîlčî
8.	V → ø / VCVC_#	yonili → yanîl; dowogu → dawəg
9.	a → ə / VC(C)_	ŋu:ma → nyumə; Nakani: → Nækən
10.	e → æ / #C_ o → a: / #C_	men → mæn losu → lasî
11.	a → æ (e,o) → ə (u,i) → î	gala:i → gælay gu:me → gumə, dowo → dawə kudu → kîdî, niz → nîz
12.	: → ø	na:n → nan, no: → no
13.	î → ə / îC(C)_X	Buruźi → Bîrîś → Bîrəś
14.	ŋ → ny / #_, V_B	ŋu:ma → nyumə, ruŋa:i → rînyay

1.	æ → ê	bæŋ → bwêŋ
2.	ə → û / əC(C)_ ə → ø / _CV	yanəkənîl → yanəkûnîl → yankûnîl → yandûnyîl
3.	î → ø / VC_C(î,ə)	Deyjîbər → Dejbər; yanîlîn → yanlin
4.	[+stop -voice] → [+fric] / _[+stop], _#	mæknə → mwêxŋə, yanək → yanəx
5.	ny → y	nyonə → yonə
6.	ly → ź	nyalyo → yaźo
7.	d → r / V_V	radə → rarə
8.	dź → j dz → c	dźəŋgî → jəŋgyî dzonî → conyî
9.	(m,b) → w / V_F, F_V	nobîź → nowîź; vaymə → vawə
10.	ø → w / (m,b,p)_F	mæk → mêk → mwêx, bi → bwih, pînə → pwinə
11.	k → gy / V_E, E_V ø → y / (k,g,n)_E	bîkə → bwîgyə, rækî → rêgyî ketə → kyetə, nîz → nyîz, maŋgî → maŋgyî
12.	y → ø / (a,e)_	mayn → man, deyjî → dejî
13.	əw → o əy → ê	guməw → gumo nînəy → ninê
14.	îw → û îy → i	pæźîw → pwêźû tîyən → tiən → tin
15.	(i,e,ê) → [+raised] / _n	mæn → mwên → mwen, dzenî → cînyî, tîn → tin
16.	ə → ø / V_C	Nyumoər → Yumor
17.	s → h, g → x / V_ə	tosə → tohə, kægə → kyêxə
18.	[+stop, +fric] → [+voice] / [+voice]_	dzensəjî → cînzjî, pæməkîn → pwêmkyin → pwêmgyin → pwêmbyin
19.	[+stop, +fric] → [-voice] / [-voice]_	yanəkzə → yanəksû
20.	č → kx / ŋ_	yanîŋčî → yanyîŋkxî
21.	[+stop] → [+velar] / [+velar]_	Barîŋdo → Barîŋgo
22.	[+stop] → [+dental] / [+dental]_	yanəkîn → yankyin → yandin
23.	[+stop] → [+labial] / [+labial]_r → w / [+labial]_	Zæbîŋəl → Zêbŋəl → Zêbməl Jæybərîŋ → Jebrîŋ → Jebwîŋ
24.	ln → d l assimilates to following č, z, w	yanîlnə → yanyîdə yanîlwə → yanîwwə
25.	w → û / C_C	zîpwən → zîpwn → zîpûn
26.	ê → y / (a,o)_	taæ → taê → tay, voæ → voê → voy
27.	ø → h / #C(C)(a,e,i)_# ø → w / #C(C)(o,u)_#	ta → tah, te → teh, bi → bwih to → tow, tu → tuw
28.	y → ø / (n,d)_i	donîn → donyîn → donyin → donin yanəkîn → yandyin → yandin

Present		Past
'speak'
yanyîŋ	I speak	yandyîŋ	I spoke
yanyîl	you s speak	yandyîl	you s spoke
yanyî	he speaks	yanəx	he spoke
yannin	we speak	yandyîŋin	we spoke
yanlin	you pl speak	yandyîlin	you pl spoke
yanin	they speak	yandin	they spoke
'hear'
pwaîŋ	I hear	pwêmbyîŋ	I heard
pwaîl	you s hear	pwêmbyîl	you s heard
pwaî	he hears	pwax	he heard
pwêmmin	we hear	pwêmbyîŋin	we heard
pwêmlin	you pl hear	pwêmbyîlin	you pl heard
pwain	they hear	pwêmbyin	they heard
'work'
śigyîŋ	I work	śiggyîŋ	I worked
śîxəl	you s work	śiggyîl	you s worked
śigyî	he works	śixəx	he worked
śigŋin	we work	śîggyîŋin	we worked
śiglin	you pl work	śîggyîŋil	you pl worked
śigyin	they work	śîggyin	they worked

	horse	man	city	woman
s. nom.	don	gumə	dow	cûî
s. acc.	donə	gumo	dowə	cûo
s. dat.	donnyî	gummyî	donyî	cûin
pl. nom.	donin	gumən	don	cûîn
pl. acc.	doninə	gumənə	donə	cûînə
pl. dat.	doninnyî	gumənnyî	donnyî	cûînnyî

Wede:i	Paźiwa lil śal zimiwo zu:rtau. king this beautiful woman-ACC want-have
Old Jeori	Pæźîw lîl śæl dzîməw dzurto.
New Jeori	Pwêźû lîl śśêl cûo curto.
Cuolese	Pažwa lil šal zũwu zütö.
English	The king loves this beautiful woman.

Wede:i	Muna:ido na:nunni na:nyoniŋok. temple-LOC god-PL-DAT god-speak-I-PAST
Old Jeori	Mînaydə nanînnî nanyənəkîŋ.
New Jeori	Mwinarə naninnyî nanyandyîŋ.
Cuolese	Munào nánũni nánṏciŋ.
English	I prayed in the temple to the gods.

Wede:i	Ge:ŋgunno śaukgumo paijilźu? beard-man-GEN rule-man-ACC fear-QUES
Old Jeori	Geŋgînîŋ nibewo pæyjîlźî?
New Jeori	Asungri runircyî pwejo źucînyîl? Axunemi ruler-DAT fear-ACC QUES-know-YOU
Cuolese	Lil ezjuzũ giecu zen woŋil? that Ezičimi lord-ACC NEG-QUES fear-YOU
English	Do you fear the lord of the Easterners?

Wede:i	Riŋtuka:ido la:uliilokkiu, kalziku śa:usir. tavern-LOC meet-YOU-PAST-IF-HER wife-YOUR shame-WITHOUT
Old Jeori	Kælzîkəw rîŋčəkaydə lolîəkîlkî, lîlzî śosîr. wife-YOUR-ACC tavern-LOC meet-PAST-YOU-IF she shame-WITHOUT
New Jeori	Kyîź kyîr laŋzo pwîddozîd ceyûgyîl, vew śosîrə dîzî. if your wife-ACC tavern-LOC meet-PAST-YOU, she shameless-ACC have
Cuolese	Šẽbrio jiracuwu lòliocilü, šōzur lienü. tavern-LOC wife-YOUR-ACC meet-PAST-YOU-IRR shameless be-IRR
English	If you met your wife in the tavern, she is shameless.

*Wede:i*	*Old Jeori*	*New Jeori*	*Cuolese*	*Wede:i meaning*
*Numbers*
bo	ba	bah	bou	one
yok	yak	yax	öw	two
śir	śîr	śir	šur	three
tause	tosə	tohə	töz	four
pina	pînə	pwinə	pyin	five
baŋ	bæŋ	bwêŋ	boŋ	six
(Ax. šeis)	śæys	śes	šís	seven
(Ax. yugi)	yîgî	yîgyî	üji	eight
(Ax. nebi)	næbî	nyaî	nei	nine
(Ax. deis)	dæys	des	dís	ten

a:inu	aynî	anyî	ànu	help
bai	bæy	bweh	bé	tower
ba:ilu	balyî	baźî	bālu	remove
ba:n	ban	ban	bã́	oats
ba:un	bon	bon	bò~	storm
begoŋ	bægəŋ	bwêxəŋ	beoŋ	the moon Iliažë
ben	bæn	bwen	bẽ	under
bendata	bændətæ	bwenddê	bẽdad	grandmother
benpapa	bænpəpæ	bwempwê	bẽpab	grandfather
bi:	bi	bwih	bí	white, bright
bi:ka	bikə	bwikə	bíg	silver
birbi:	bîrbi	bwîrbwi	bibí	the moon Iliacáš
biźi	bîźî	bwîźî	biži	grass
bogu	bagî	bagyî	boju	person
boka	bagî	bagyî	bog	thing
bori	barî	barî	böri	island
buka	bîkə	bwîgyə	bug	deer
bukuro	bîkər	bwîgîr	bucüru	owl
da:iu	dayî	daî	dàu	value
data	dætə	dêtə	dad	father
dau	do	dow	dö	city
dauka	dæpwə	dêpwə	dög	whale
da:wi	doî	doî	dáwi	boy
de:i	dey	deh	dè	people
digu	dîgî	dîgyî	juju	hide
di:n	din	din	dí~	daughter
do:	do	dow	dó	wind
dolu	dalî	dalî	dölu	hang
do:n	don	don	dṍ	horse
dowo	dawə	dawə	dowu	no
dowogu	dawəg	dawg	dowju	nobody
du:r	dur	dur	dür	mortar
duzul	dîzəl	dîzəl	juzül	slave
eze:r	əzer	zer	ezér	thousand
gai	gæy	gyeh	gé	log
gala:i	gælay	gyêla	galà	enclosure
galu	gælî	gyêlî	galu	close
gauji	gojî	gojî	göji	fruit
ge:ŋ	geŋ	gyeŋ	géŋ	beard
goju	gajî	gajî	goju	steal
go:rtu	gorčî	gorčî	götu	ocean
gouŋ	gawŋ	gawn	gouŋ	far
gu:me	gumə	gumə	gúm	man
guśa	gîśə	gyîśə	juž	respect
guśu	gîśî	gyîśî	južu	honor
i:l	il	il	íl	eye
iteru	îtər	îtər	idru	shine
ituri	îčər	îčər	icüri	read
ja:iu	jayî	jaî	jàu	tell
jalan	jælən	jêlən	jalã	wave
jan	jæn	jen	jẽ	arrow
jaŋu	jæŋî	jêŋî	joŋu	breathe
jauka	jæpwə	jêpwə	jög	wolf
jen	jæn	jen	jã	forest
jok	jak	jax	jow	other
joŋ	jaŋ	jaŋ	joŋ	black
jo:na	jonə	jonə	jón	cat
ju	jî	jî	ju	east
juku	jîkî	jîgyî	jucu	sneeze
juŋ	jîŋ	jîŋ	juŋ	son
kago	kægə	kyêxə	kao	basket
ka:imu	kaymî	kawî	kàmu	buy
kal	kæl	kyêl	kal	good
kalzi	kælzî	kyêzzî	kazi	wife
kamu	kæmî	kyaî	kamu	guard
kariji	kærîj	kyêrîj	kaji	neck
ka:u	ko	kow	kò	mouth
keŋ	kæŋ	kyêŋ	keŋ	foot
ke:ta	ketə	kyetə	kéd	hundred
ki	kî	kyî	ci	tooth
kimu	kîmî	kyûî	cimu	bite
koku	kakî	kagyî	kocu	die
komo	kamə	kamə	komu	house
komogu	kaməg	kaməg	kõju	servant
kudu	kîdî	kyîrî	cuju	break
kugo	kîgə	kyîxə	cuo	cap
kur	kîr	kyîr	cür	ram
ku:ru	kurî	kurî	cüru	give
la:i	lay	lah	là	glory
la:ŋu	laŋî	laŋî	láŋu	marry
la:u	lo	low	lò	type of seashell
lauji	lojî	lojî	löji	money
la:uk	lok	lox	lòw	because
lauku:ru	kæpwurî	lêpwurî	lögüru	pay
la:uliu	lolîî	lolî	lòliu	find, meet
legau	lægo	lêgo	leö	pear
leźu	læźî	lêźî	ležu	trust
leźugu	læźîg	lêźîg	ležju	official
lil	lîl	lîl	lil	this
lila:u	lîlo	lîlo	lilò	approach
liluŋ	lîlîŋ	lîlîŋ	liluŋ	near
liu	lîî	lî	liu	see
loŋ	laŋ	laŋ	loŋ	buckle
losu	lasî	lasî	lozu	moose
lu:	lu	luw	lú	water
lumu	lîmî	lûî	lumu	wash
lun	lîn	lin	lũ	north
lu:źensagu	luźənsəgî	luźənzûgyî	lúžẽsaju	engineer
mai	mæy	mweh	mé	wheat
ma:in	mayn	man	mà~	star
mak	mæk	mwêx	maw	cousin
ma:ku	makî	magyî	mácu	defeat
ma:n	man	man	má~	great
ma:ngu	maŋgî	maŋgyî	má~gu	nobleman
ma:nzi	manzî	manzî	má~zi	noblewoman
ma:r	mar	mar	már	female
ma:rzi	marzî	marzî	mázi	woman
mau	mo	mow	mö	fill
ma:un	mon	mon	mò~	leopard
melen	mælən	mwêlən	melẽ	heart
men	mæn	wen	mẽ	pine cone
miriŋ	mîrîŋ	mwîrîŋ	miriŋ	snake
moga	magə	maxə	moa	ear
mogau	mago	mago	moö	peach
mo:mo	momə	momə	mómu	young
mo:ngu	moŋgî	moŋgyî	mṍgu	young man
mo:nzi	monzî	monzî	mṍzi	young woman
muku	mîkî	mwîgyî	mucu	bull
na:i	nay	nah	nà	bird
na:n	nan	nan	ná~	god
na:ŋgu	naŋgî	naŋgyî	náŋgu	priest
na:nśauk	nanśok	nanźox	ná~šöw	rite
nanuŋ	nænîŋ	nyenyîŋ	nanuŋ	divine
na:u	no	now	nò	ox
na:wen	noən	non	náwẽ	axe
neru	nærî	nyêrî	neru	lie down
neruwen	nærîwən	nyêrûn	newẽ	bed
ni:	ni	nih	ní	field
ni:gu	nigî	nigyî	níju	peasant
niji	nîjî	nyîjî	niji	animal
nine	nînə	ninə	nin	hill
niŋmala:i	niŋməlay	nyînla	nimmalà	market
niŋmali	nîŋməlî	nyînlî	nimmali	trade
nitu	nîčî	nyîčî	nicu	walk
nituk	nîčək	nyîčəx	nicuw	in order to
niz	nîz	nyîz	niz	palace
no:	no	now	nó	red
no:biźi	nobîź	nowîź	nóiži	redcane
na:ila:u	nyalyo	yaźo	ŋàlò	invite
n:ai	nyay	yah	ŋà	hand
ŋauji	nyojî	yojî	göji	tongue
ŋauna	nyonə	yonə	ŋòn	street
ŋaza	nyæzə	yêzə	gaz	clay
ŋegea	nyægəæ	yêxê	gea	rising
ŋeka	nyækə	yêgyə	geg	flower
ŋeli	nyælî	yêlî	ŋili	land
ŋera:i	nyæray	yêra	gerà	household
ŋeru	nyærî	yêrî	geru	live
ŋeu	nyəw	yah	geu	rise
ŋinji	nyînjî	yinjî	ŋĩji	song
ŋinu	nyînî	yînyî	ŋinu	sing
ŋol	nyal	yal	göl	fire
ŋor	nyar	yar	gör	big
ŋosu	nyasî	yasî	gozu	flog
ŋozi	nyazî	yazî	gozi	same
ŋu:ma	nyumə	yumə	ŋúm	mountain
ŋun	nyîn	yin	gũ	grape
paira	pæyrə	pwerə	pér	basin
paźiwa	pæźîw	pwêźû	pažwa	king
piŋgau	pîŋgo	pwîŋgo	pyiŋgö	apple
paiju	pæyjî	pwejî	péju	fear
palin	pælîn	pwêlin	palĩ	again
pamu	pæmî	pwaî	pamu	hear
pana	pænə	pwenə	pan	rooster
papa	pæpə	pwêpə	pab	mother
pauka	pæpwə	pwêpwə	pög	mole
pik	pîk	pwîx	pyiw	green
pir	pîr	pwîr	pyir	lyre
pirma	pîrmə	pwîrmə	pyima	harp
po:	po	pow	pó	hair
ponu	panî	panyî	ponu	jump
pu:k	puk	pux	púw	crime
rada	rædə	rêrə	raa	seed
ral	ræl	rêl	ral	shrine
raśak	ræsək	rêźəx	ražaw	fox
rau	ro	row	rö	door
reja	ræjə	rêjə	rej	storm
reku	rækî	rêgyî	recu	trap
ril	rîl	rîl	ril	egg
rimu	rîmî	rûî	rimu	weave
roda	radə	rarə	roa	brother
ru:	ru	ruw	rú	sun
ruk	rîk	rîx	ruw	sharp
rukwen	rîpwən	rîpûn	rugwẽ	weapon
ruŋa:i	rînyay	ria	ruŋà	capital
ruŋu	rîŋî	rîŋî	ruŋu	govern
ruti	rîtî	rîtî	ruci	rush
sai	zæy	zeh	sé	middle
sakana	zækən	zêgîn	sagna	fish
saŋ	zæŋ	zêŋ	song	south
sa:un	zon	zon	sò~	law
seki	zækî	zêgyî	seci	night
sela:i	zælay	zêla	selà	general
si	zî	zî	si	room
sim	zîm	zîm	sũ	word
soŋka	zaŋkə	zaŋkə	soŋka	bear
soŋmiŋ	zaŋmîŋ	zaŋwîŋ	sommiŋ	jade
soźu	zaźî	zaźî	sožu	lose
su:	zu	zuw	sú	new
suku	zîkî	zîgyî	sucu	stab
sukwen	zîpwən	zîpûn	sugwẽ	dagger
śabuk	śæbîk	śaîx	šauw	fast
śa:u	śo	śow	šò	guilt
ša:uk	śok	śox	šòw	rule
śebaru	śæbər	śar	šearu	write
śebarul	śæbərîl	śêbwîl	šearül	book
śela	śælə	śêlə	šel	shelter
śelu	śælî	śêlî	šelu	shelter (v)
śen	śæn	śen	šẽ	above
śendi:n	śændin	śendin	šẽdí~	granddaughter
śenjuŋ	śænjîŋ	śænjîŋ	šẽjuŋ	grandson
śi	śî	šî	ši	lake
śigu	śîgî	śîgyî	šuju	work
śin	śîn	śin	šũ	cow
śoba:n	śaban	śaban	šoá~	oatmeal
śojo	śajə	śajə	šoju	chin; pride
śok	śak	śax	šuw	bundle
ta:i	tay	tah	tà	right (side)
taku	tækî	têgyî	tacu	stop
taŋ	tæŋ	têŋ	toŋ	thirty-six
tan	tæn	ten	tã	fertile
tareŋ	tærəŋ	têrəŋ	tareŋ	blood
ta:uno	tonə	tonə	tònu	why
te:	te	teh	té	arm
tel	tæl	têl	tel	male
telgu	tælgi	têlgyî	tegu	male person
tenu	tænî	tenyî	tenu	choose
tik	tîk	tîx	ciw	old
tin	tîn	tin	cĩ	day
tiyona	tîyən	tin	ciön	squid
ti:zi	tizî	tizî	tízi	cry
to:	to	tow	tó	clever
to	ta	tah	tou	knife
toa	taæ	tay	toa	sword
tok	tak	tax	tow	blue
to:l	tol	tol	töl	each
tu:	tu	tuw	tú	crossroads
tula:u	čîlo	čîlo	cülò	decide
tur	čîr	čîr	cür	stick
wada	vædə	vêrə	waa	chair
wa:i	vay	vah	wà	boat
wa:igu	vajî	vajî	wàju	sailor
wa:ima	vaymə	vawə	wàm	ship
wata	vætə	vêtə	wad	year
wau	vo	vow	wö	bark
wawa	voæ	voy	waw	baby
we:	ve	veh	wé	great
wen	vən	vən	wẽ	luck
wete	vətə	vdû	wed	birch
wila:r	vîlar	vîlar	wilár	goddess æ planet
woŋi	vəŋî	vmî	woŋi	disgust
wor	vər	vər	wör	west
yai	yæy	yeh	yé	jewel
yaŋ	yæŋ	yêŋ	yoŋ	nest
yatu	yæčî	yêčî	yacu	order
yauji	yojî	yojî	yöji	beetle
ye	yæ	yê	ye	river
yebi:	yæbi	yai	yeí	gold
yebi:li	yæbil	yail	yeíli	rich
yedu	yædî	yêrî	yeju	think
yonu	yanî	yanyî	önu	speak
yoru	yarî	yarî	öru	dance
yuma	yîmə	yûə	üm	head
zai	dzæy	ceh	zé	lightning
zak	dzæk	cêx	zaw	spoon
zaran	dzærən	cêrən	zarã	sour
zau	dzo	cow	zö	sand
za:uni	dzonî	conyî	zòni	family
zawak	dzoæk	coyx	zawaw	beach
zel	dzəl	cəl	zel	turtle
ze:nsaji	dzensəjî	cînjî	zé~saji	parable
ze:nu	dzenî	cînyî	zénu	know
zimi	dzîmî	cûî	zumi	woman
zoko	dzəkə	ckû	zogu	altar
zotu	dzəčî	cûčî	zocu	belong
zu	dzî	cî	zu	meat
zu:ru	dzurî	curî	züru	get, take
źaik	dźæyk	jex	žéw	yellow
źal	dźæl	jêl	žal	flat
źa:u	dźo	jow	žò	plow
źe:	dźe	jeh	žé	wheel
źeba	dźəbə	jbû	žea	hawk
źegu	dźəgî	jûgyî	žeju	lust
źeku	dźəkî	jûgyî	žecu	fall
źensagu	dźənsəgî	jənzûgyî	žẽsaju	leader
źenu	dśənî	jûnyî	ženu	go
źi:a:i	dźiay	jia	žía	garden
źi:u	dźiî	jiî	žíu	grow
źomu	dźəmî	jmwi	žomu	oppose
źongu	dźəŋî	jəŋgyî	žõgu	enemy
źosa	dźəsə	jîzû	žoz	hut
źue	dźîə	jî	žue	broom
źunu	dźînî	jinyî	žunu	suckle
źunwen	dźînwən	jinûn	žũwẽ	breast