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Parts of speech: n noun, vt transitive verb, vi intransitive verb, a adjective, cj conjunction, pp preposition, # number, pr pronoun, sfx suffix. (a) absolutive meaning or role, (e) ergative.
Due to the nature of Tžuro morphology, related words (noun/verb/person/causative) end up in different parts of the lexicon. Pay attention to the part of speech! The vast majority of derivatives are regular, but some are not, or have special meanings.
Forms given for a verb are irregular participles. (The passive participle always ends in -u, the active in a consonant.)
“OS” and “cf. OS” are not meaningless variants; “OS” indicates a direct borrowing; “cf. OS” identifies a cognate. PS is reconstructed Proto-Southern.
[Naviu] indicates a word, usually relating to nomadism, borrowed from that family. The word can usually be found in the Obenzayet lexicon, though that language is not the immediate source.
This lexicon covers both CT and LŠ. At this point only OS meanings are given; but use common sense about technical terms— CT didn’t have a word for ‘rockets’.
1422 words
a cj and (am before a vowel) abas n rider, cavalryman abiš n traveler, voyager, visitor ačab n communist ačart n founder ačasak n stallion [‘one with a penis’] ačask n poking; injection adeg n pedestrian adep n judge adim n lover, sex partner adirš n ally; supporter adu a all, each, every [cf. OS doḷ] Adubum n son of Kurund; took name Attafei [‘one who charges (into battle)’] aduk n lieutenant [‘on top’] ageč n artist Agešur n a city [OS Ageṣoram] agiš n thief, robber agobaŋ n caregiver, one undertaking igobaŋa agodirš n traitor, betrayer agosot n the bondholder of a gostu agot n military dictator agovank n migrant, immigrant (despective) agreja n householder agrid n guard; police ahast n reader ajag n porter ajans n rich person ajat n insider; kinfolk ajatkin n ambassador [‘intercessor’] ajatvank n immigrant ajen n archer, bowman ajenč n celebrant (of the jenčim) aješp n painter ajok n spearman; private (lowest level in army) ajoŋ n (LŠ) sweetheart, boyfriend [‘sugar’] ajor n ruler, lord ajjos n king, monarch [cf. OS ageṣor] akarak n fighter, soldier; (pl) army, army unit akašt n killer, murderer akles n nurse Akšun n Axunai akšuni n, a of or from Axunai akulkin n liar, deceiver akušap n (LŠ) idiot [‘drooling’] alešp n viceroy; title of the rulers of Fananak [‘second one’] Alešpim n the capital of Fananak [‘viceroy city’] am cj and (before a vowel) [cf. OS al-] amajam n pilot [‘wheeler’] amal n speaker; questioner amand n companion amatut n nuclear fusion [X. ameatudo] amef n sentient being; spirit, soul amin n servant [‘one under’] Aminaram n the smallest moon Naunai [‘servant moon’] aminkin n spokesman amoŋ n coward an q all, every Anajati a second dynasty of Tžuro Skouras [‘all the kinfolk’] anaŋk n trickster, deceiver, con man anat pr everyone, everybody, everything andeg adv wholly, entirely [‘all way’] andraga a whole, entire [‘all parts’] aneb n teacher, cleric anint n hunter anirn n owner anit n pursuer anmani a, n socialist [‘all people’] ansaraj a (CT) exciting; (LŠ) interesting [‘all-touching’] anulad n craftsman, manufacturer aŋag n drunkard, alcoholic aŋar n rebel aŋarš n buyer, purchaser; consumer aŋat n seller, vendor, trader; supplier aŋesum n father [OS aŋesom] anjiri a hourly [‘every hour’] annemi a daily; (n) newspaper [‘every day’] anon n boss, chief, manager [‘head’] anpati a yearly, annual [‘every year’] aŋgot n general, commander [cf. OS aŋelot] aŋok(ješ) v editor [‘two eyes’] aŋoš n digger; (CT; despective in LŠ) elcar Apač n second king of Šura [‘strong one’] apaj n conqueror apand n helper, assistant apank n gambler apašam n despot, tyrant apič n follower, believer (esp. of Jippirasti) apitžals n (LŠ) performer, actor; announcer Araž n discoverer of Fananak [‘grateful one’] Arčeli n a city [OS Arṭali] areg n singer; musician; poet Aribe n Ervëa [Caď. Aerivileas] arim n weaver arjal n farmer, peasant Arkal n Arcél [Uyseʔ ʔarkhel] aruŋ n colonel [(‘in charge of) 1728’] arutvank n emigrant asat n swordsman aset n runner asev n elder, uncle: a male in the elder generation of a fsava; (LŠ) grandfather asikt n tax collector asti vt hear (with the connotation, obey) (sat) astir n prophet [‘hearer’] asut n chapter, speech [‘he spoke’] asarn n cook astuj n sinner, unclean person ašam n sailor ašank n worker ašap n facilitator; coalition leader; convener, head of the DU ašati n hay [OS aṣarti] ašembar n innkeeper, tavernkeeper ašog n dressmaker, outfitter ašvar n writer ataš n tanner, leatherworker atej n emperor (pl. ateje) aten n bridegroom atenluj n summer [‘big sun’] ateŋ n sun, Ënomai [‘over’ + nom’n] atez n barber ativa n stable for horses [‘horse-place’ in a Karazi language] Attafei a almighty [‘all-mighty’] atred n parent [‘(comes) before’] atžek n naked person atžop n rabbit, hare au pr which audeg pr how; (n) formula, recipe [‘which way’]
X audeg? What about X?aumali vt ask (someone) [‘say which’] aumefi v plan, organize, set in order [‘think how’] aumerg pr how much [‘which number’] aunem pr when [‘which day’] ava pr who [cf. OS abeg] avali pr where avalt n finder, inventor avam n pastor, herdsman avank n resident (esp. of a nomadic camp) avar pr why [au yar ‘which reason’] avir pr (LŠ) who [ava + def.] ayedaj n masseur ayend n one who begins; tamer of horses ayesač n psychiatrist, practitioner of iyesača azak n printer, publisher azezin n student, learner ažanak n wizard, magician, sorceror ažraŋ n Trustee of the Senate; the leader of republican Šura Babur n prophet of Jippir Baburali n a large city in Skouras Baburkunim n the main Jippirasti scriptures [‘Babur spoke to us’] bači vt break [cf. OS bakṣ-] bačut a broken; (LŠ) drunk, high bagad n back [Wede:I bokati] bagat pp behind, in back of bagatdrag n (LŠ) reserves (in army) [‘back corps’] bagattir n (LŠ) reservist balar n silver [Elkarîl belidd] balar n good; fine (in quality or social status); gentleman [from ‘silver’] balarat n goodness, quality balari a silvery, of silver balarja a flawed, imperfect [‘not fine’] balarluj n finest in quality; (LŠ) ideal, maximum bamač n copy, duplicate banam n copper [Elkarîl bbanm ‘copper ore’] Banaram n the middle moon Iliacáš [‘copper moon’] bandi vi marvel, wonder [cf. OS bend-]
bandi tarat X marvel at Xbandig a wonderful, marvelous baŋag n wound baŋag a hurting, suffering baŋi vt hurt, harm, (a) suffer (baŋag) [cf. OS beŋk-] baporu a hardcore, badass [Mei badporu] barad n set-up, arrangement baraj n buttocks [braji] Barutra n first Atej of the Anajati basi n ride (bakas, baksu) [Naviu ‘trek’] Beleso n Belesao belesoi n, a Bé or Lé Belšay n Belšai belšayin n, a of Belšai beri v set up, arrange (berad, berru) [cf. OS beld-] berru a arranged; in good order; sane berruja a disordered; insane berrujei n madman, lunatic bežnu n plastic [Keb.] Bičika n the Xurnese Academy [X. Bicikes] biga n coin, money [OS bika ‘silver’] bimah # nine [‘five-six’] biŋ # five [cf. OS bim] biši vi travel, journey; (LŠ) undergo [cf. OS biṣṭ-] biva q some [cf. OS -bab] bivaji v attempt, try [‘do some’] bivat pr (CT) someone, somebody, something bivali pr somewhere, someplace biviti n (pl) souvenirs, trinkets; gifts between brother and sister; a day for such gifts bivvir pr (LŠ) someone, somebody, something boj n, a west [cf. OS boḍ] bojjir n westerner bonda a huge, enormous [Ax. bondo ‘huge amount’] brajali n (LŠ) bar (for drinking) braji vt put, set; give; (in refl, also LŠ) sit down [cf. OS barḍ-] bogodi v grind, crush; (LŠ, in passive) be bored or annoyed [synaesthetic] brej n gift, present buka n clan’s sacred horse, ridden once a year by the asev [Naviu] bumači vt copy, duplicate [X. bumeac] Buŋkavi n an early tej in Feidal [dialectal ‘of the sacred horse (clan]’, cf. Bukari] Buručam n noble who rebelled against Kurundasti [buruj čam ‘he gives him slack’] Burudusi n son of Kurund [buruj dusi ‘he gives him the reins’] Busiŋgal n grandson of Attafei, conqueror of Skouras [‘I rode the mare’] čadimi n, a Skourene (as a non-Tžuro ethnicity) [‘from southern cities’] čaddir n southerner čailan n iliu [OS ṭailuadni] Čailanali n the iliu enclave north of Feináe čal n sea [cf. OS ṭal] čali a marine, oceanic, of the sea čam n slack, loose reins; indulgence čamio n electron [Keb.] čandeg a allowed slack (of horses or people); indulged, spoiled čar n, a south [cf. OS ṭar] čarag n stirrup [‘stand thing’] čarat n establishment, institution čardeše n compass [OS ṭarḍeṣṣen] čarti vt found, establish [OS ṭart-] časak n penis [‘penetrater’] časki vt poke, stab, penetrate; (LŠ) inject [cf. OS ṭaṣg-] čeg n place, location, space, position; state, status čegali pr (archaic and LŠ) everywhere čegan pr (CT) everywhere Čeha n Čeiy [from Ṭeô] čehandi a, n Čeiyu čekkuš pr in many places (archaic; see kušali) čelepa n book [OS ṭlepa ‘document’]
jat čelepau a jat toro in theory and in practicečelet pr nowhere [čeg let ‘no place’] čemmo pr at one place, in one particular location [čeg mo ‘one place’] čeŋo pr where (subordinator) [čeg jo] čer pr there [‘that place’] čertaj pr (LŠ) here [‘that.place near’] česk n rapier [‘stab tool’] čigi vi stand; be located; there is/are/were; remain [cf. OS ṭirk-] čipi n ring [Ax. cipi] Čirak n a city [OS Ṭisuraku] čizu n pagan temple, non-Jippirasti religious structure [OS ṭisu] čočo n horse manure čoyedi a customized, personalized [Mei] čraya n lizard čraytaf a prideful, arrogant [‘great lizard’, i.e. a nonentity acting mighty] čraytafat n pride, arrogance čuk a empty; barren, poor [cf. OS ṭiḷk-] čuki vi be empty, be poor čukat n emptiness; poverty dag # eight [OS darg] dah # 36 dahi n 1/36th; minute (1/36 hour) Dahnand n Dhekhnam [Dhekhnami] dahdandi a Dhekhnami daj n soft; mild (not zealous)[cf. OS daḍ] dajat n softness dakaš n palace [Ax. dax] dala # four [cf. OS darṭ] daldeg n garden [‘four paths’, considered as essential to a garden] darag n passage, alley; path; corridor darak n tear; drop (of liquid) [cf. OS dirak] deg n way, method dega n dress, robe [OS] degali n dressmaker’s shop degar pr thus, that way [‘that way’] degi vi go, walk; come, arrive; happen [cf. OS daŋ- ‘be in a place’] degit n skirt [‘small dress’] dej # three [cf. OS ded] dejmah # nine [‘three-six’] demun # 20,736 [OS demum] depali n court dibi n execute a cavalry charge (dibam, dibumu) depi vt judge, decide; choose, elect, select; (a) is either disputant(s) or matter [cf. OS deld-] dimad n cup, glass [OS] dimi vt love romantically; make love, have sex [cf. OS dimn-] dirši vt ally with, support [OS dirṣ-] dokodi vi balk, be stubborn; refuse to follow an order [imitative] drag n finger; part, piece; army corps [cf. OS diḷag]
mogi drag 1/12
jut draga si X in X’s handsdraggei n major general, in charge of a drag draji vt divide (daraj) [cf. OS daḷg-] drajutei n half-believer, agnostic, someone only theoretically or culturally Jippirasti [‘halfer’] drajutu a divided, undecided; half drida n bargain, deal (dirad) [OS dleda] dridi vt bargain, negotiate drin n forge [OS dilan] drinzi vt forge [from drin] dugmuju n snake, serpent [‘it goes, it twists itself’] duk n top; surface [cf. OS telk-] duki pp on top of durav pp (LŠ) across duravi a, n (LŠ) trans (i.e. having a different sex from that assigned at birth) dusi n reins duvali n ford; crossing [‘cross-place’] duvdegi vt prevent, block, avoid [‘cross-go’] duvi vt cross [cf. OS dil-] e intj oh, ah, hey eŋbalar n gentlewoman, madame eŋčailan n female iliu eŋgal n mare who has not yet been bred eŋmuka n doe fadar n beam, mast fadri n bear, hold up, support, carry (on top); tolerate, accept Fan n the Fei Fanal n Feináe (especially the Tžuro portions of it) fanali n, a Fei, of or from Feináe/Fanal Fananak n New Fanal, the Tžuro colony on Arcél [‘new Fanal’] fananaki n, a Fananaki, of or from Fananak Fanpita n the Fan (eastern Tžuro) division of Jippirasti Fanpittir n a follower of Fanpita Fansava n the mountains east of Skouras [‘Fei mountains’] fasak n lack, deficit, absence; loss; zero ferd n saddle [‘support’] fisa n fruit [from Fei] fisi a sweet fsaki vt lose, lack, miss, run out of; (a) run out, disappear, go away; (LŠ, passive) be exhausted [cf. OS basg-] fsakuku a absent, missing fsava n lineage, clan [cf. OS bsepa] fsavvir n fellow member of a clan fsevi vt descend from, derive from (fesav, fsevvu) [cf. fsava] fsevvu n heir (traditionally, one’s sister’s son); (LŠ) son Fudru n third king of Šura; deposed by Senate [‘he bears himself’, an attribute of Jippir] gabar n cow manure gač a happy, glad [cf. OS giṭḷ-] gačat n happiness gačterad a fortunate, of good omen, fateful in a good way [‘happy omen’] galni vt (a) be confused or incorrect, be murky; (e) confuse [cf. OS ŋarn-] galun a incorrect; unorthodox; Tžuro name for the Staji division of Jippirasti galunja a technically correct or legal, but suspect [‘not incorrect’] galunnir n follower of Galun gajal n side; ribs [cf. OS goḍlim] gajali a on the side, additional, subsidiary gaji vi lie down, rest, relax, nap, sleep for a short time [cf. OS ŋeḍ-] garač n shape, form [geči] garad n die, game piece [OS gerred] garah n down, fluff [cf. OS ŋerḍ-] garahi a downy, fluffy gečali n workshop, atelier geči vt create, form, shape [cf. OS gitr-] ged # 144 [OS geld] geddei n major [(‘in charge of) 144’] gedpat n century (really 144 years); age, generation [‘144 years’] gej n bed; tent [‘lying place’] gejrudi vt rape, despoil [lit. ‘(sex) out of bed’, i.e. uninvited] genked n bacterium [Keb. genkede]
genkede bacteriagepram n parley, conference (between rivals) [OS greparam] geprami vt confer with, negotiate (terms) geši vt push [PS *kjec] gešpi vi be tired (gešap, gešpu) [cf. OS gaṣp-] gešpu n tired gešpuyat n tiredness, fatigue girda n pot, jar [OS gdira] girek n pig [OS gerrek] giši vt steal, rob (gišaj) [cd. OS ŋiṣṭ-] gitla n wax [cf. OS gitra] gitlandi a waxen gitlešeli n phosphorus (discovered in Šura) [‘glowing wax’] gobaŋi vt alleviate suffering, nurse, care for, treat[‘undo hurt’] gobraji vt take back (a gift) [‘un-give’] godegi vi return, go back [‘un-walk’] godirši vt betray, curse [‘un-support’] gohat n wrongness, falsity gohi vi be wrong, not be true; err, make a mistake [PS *ŋoɣe] gohhu a wrong, false gojadi vt expel, exile [‘un-be.inside’] gojeŋu a atheist; sacrilegious, godless [‘against god’] gojipi vt cancel, countermand, veto [‘un-order’] gok a other, another, different [cf. OS gog] gokali pr (in) another place, elsewhere gokja a same, identical [‘not different’] gokkir pr another person; (civil law) defendant gomali vt deny, contradict (a statement) [‘un-say’] gomeraf a absurd, idiotic [‘un-thinking’] gonuladi vt destroy, unmake [‘un-craft’] goropi vi trot (faster walk of horses) [imitative] gosak a unpleasant, disappointing gosakat n dislike, displeasure, dismay, disappointment gosaki vt dislike, be dismayed or disappointed in gosoti vt expiate or expel uncleanness (gosorat, gostu) [‘undo + wash’] gostu n one who is expiating a sin, and bound to another gošaj a patient, long-suffering, imperturbable, unflappable [‘un-angry’] gošajat n patience, imperturbability gošapi v disagree; dispute got n command; military dictatorship [cf. OS ŋelt-] Gotandi n second Anajati atej; finished the Čelepa s Atej [‘commanding all’] gotig a commanding, demanding, peremptory gotoraš a difficult [‘not easy’] gotot pp (LŠ) against, despite [‘not-using’] govanki vi break camp; move (house) [‘un-camp’] gožaraŋ a shameful, dishonorable gožraŋi vt dismiss for disloyalty; dishonor, shame grami vt capture, seize (garam, grammu) [cf. OS gelm-] grammu n prisoner gridi vt protect, guard [cd. OS gidr-] greja n house, building [OS greḍa] Gučidak n Gurdago [OS Guṭḍaku] gučidaki n, a Gurdagor Gudral n a city [OS Guṭḷeli] gudralni n, a of or from Gudral gusuč adv perhaps, maybe [guh suč ‘it’s wrong, it’s right’] gutu n duck [Ax. guetu] hačis n garlic hafal n fool [‘frayed’] hafalat n foolishness hala a green [cf. OS -arṭ] halau n pl vegetables ham a black [cf. OS -amn] hamam n iron [‘black substance’] hammir n crow [‘black one’] hasat n reading (as an interpretation) hasti n read, recite hau intj turn left! [Naviu] hefal a, n frayed; foolish; fool hefli vt flutter, flap [imitative] heko adv OK, great [Mei ɣeko] helu n horseman, knight [‘horsed’] Helu n last king of Dusila and first of Šura heluyat n horsemanship her n lung, lungs [‘breathing thing’] hina n saddle cloth [Naviu] hiŋ cj but hiŋit cj however, although [‘but’ + dim.] hol n horse holit n foal (male); little horse hori vi breathe [imitative] huj n phlegm, snot, or other impure excretions hujig a phlegmy, snotty huval n reddish brown (of horses) [Elkarîl] iaumefa n plan; organization ibača n breaking, breakage ibanda n wonder, marvelment, astonishment ibaŋa n hurt, harm, suffering, damage ibasa n ride, riding ibiša n travel, journey ibivaja n try, trial, attempt ibraja n putting, setting ičaba n communism [nativization of Mei encæbed] ičarta n establishing, founding ičaska n stabbing, penetration Iček n the Itseʔ river in Fananak ičiga n standing; remaining Ičili n a city [OS Iṭili] idega n walk; happening, event idepa n judgment idima n love, sex idirša n alliance, support idraja n division iduvdega n prevention, avoidance ifadra n bearing, support; toleration, acceptance ifseva n descent (from someone) ifadra n bearing, support igaja n rest, sleep igalna n confusion, esp. that caused by human doctrines of God igeča n shaping, forming; art igejruda n rape, despoilment igeša n push, pushing igiša n robbery, theft igobaŋa n alleviation of suffering, care igodirša n betrayal, treason igonulada n destruction igošapa n dispute, disagreement igosota n expiation of sin igožraŋa n dishonor, shame igrama n capture, seizure igrida n protection, guarding ihasta n reading, recital (as an activity; esp. of the scriptures) ihora n breathing, respiration ijaga n carrying, transportation ijaka n birth ijansa n wealth, riches ijatvanka n immigration ijeba n addition; (theology) complications humans add to the idea of God ijeka n refinement iješpa n (art of) painting ijida n ruin, ruination ijiŋa n eating; food; meat ijiša n vision, sight ijišmefa vi rumination; consideration ijora n rule, dominion, domain; government, the state; (LŠ) field of work ijraka n crying ikalna n temptation ikanja n hiding, concealment ikanjudimi n illicit sex ikanka n separation, division ikanša n rowing ikašta n death ikeba n vigil, wait ikera n horse training, dressage ikina n speech, speaking iklama n closing, closure iklesa n nursing ikoda n falling apart ikrata n sleep ikulkina n lie, deceit im n city, town [cf. OS eŋ] imanča n weighing imanda n accompaniment, companionship imarga n counting; arithmetic imasna n grazing imefa n thinking, thought; reason imig a urban imija n rotation, turn, turning immir n townsman, city dweller Imušitra n a delta city [OS Imuṭeli] in pp compared to; like, as [cf. OS nen-] inama n illumination, lighting ineba n teaching, education Inčip n the main river of Feináe [from a Fei language] inela n flight ineŋa n apology, defense iniča v encouragement, inspiration inidega n opportunity, possibility [nom’n of ‘can happen’] ininta n hunt inirna n possession, ownership inisaja n permission inita n pursuit, chase inuja n knowledge inulada n skill, craft [OS enuleda ‘knowledge’] iŋara n rebellion, revolt iŋarša n buying, purchasing; (economics) demand iŋata n selling, sales; (economics) supply ipaja n conquest, defeat ipanda n help, assistance; blessing; family love ipanka n gambling ipiča n following, believing ipišma n delegation, appointment ipluta n trust, faith ipreta n response, answer iraža n gratitude, sacrifice irega n singing; music irima n weaving irula n burning irutvanka n emigration isača n correctness, truth; orthodoxy
X nurunu isača X is correct (lit. has the truth)
Nak Isača the New Truth, a modern religion from the Béisaja n touching; action isanata n swordsmanship isarna n cooking, cuisine isata n hearing, listening isor n smart, intelligent [X. isaur ‘sharp’] iserta n swimming iseva n departure, leaving isikta n tax, taxation isinta n measurement isiza n advice, counsel isota n cleansing, purification; morality, proper conduct
isota si jos rules of conduct for non-believersistuja n uncleanness, impurity išanka n work išapa n agreement, consent
pač išapa consensusišela n glow, reflection išima n floating išoga n wearing; couture, fashion išogandi a fashionable, stylish, elegant išvara n writing -it sfx small, little [cf. OS -its] itaka n drinking iteča n existence iteka n end, finish itena n marriage (as a state); a couple itikali n hell [‘final place’] itiki a final, last, ultimate itikig a insignificant, unimportant [‘last-like’] itoša n flow, current itraki n fall, (e) drop something itreča n dance itrota n usage, use ivalta n finding, discovery ivama n watching, tending ivanka n sojourn; vacation ivreda n waking, awakening iyamala n persuasion, convincing iyejora n takeover iyenda n start, beginning; origin; model (for production) iyesača n rectification iyeva n want, desire, will izaka n pressing, squeezing; printing izezina n study, learning ižraŋa n honor, trust ižraŋai a honorable, trustworthy -ja sfx not [cf. OS ṭas] jaddegi vi enter, go in [‘inside-walk’] jaddir n insider jadi vi be inside [cf. OS ḍadŋ-] Jaeš n Feináe, the country ruled by Jaešim [back-formation from Jaešim] jaešeni n, a of or from Jaešim city jaeši n, a of or from Jaeš Jaešim n the major city of Feináe [OS Ḍareṣam, but reanalyzed as ‘Jaeš city’] jagi vt hold, carry; transport [cf. OS ḍarḍ-] jajit n baby, infant [babytalk for jakit] jahai n (SŠ) TV, telly jahaš n lightning; electricity [imitative] jahašjiš n television [calque on Keb. śadakaina] jahašnem n light bulb [‘electric light’] jaki vi be born [cf. OS ḍag-] jal n river [cf. OS ḍel] janač n dinner, meal janas a rich, wealthy [‘being rich’] jand a, n north [cf. OS ḍand] Jandim n a city in northern Skouras [‘north city’] jandir n northerner Janei n queen of Pajimi and first queen of Šura [‘northerner’] jansi vi be rich [OS ḍens-] jaŋ n salt [cf. OS gneka] jaŋki a salty japa n mane [Naviu] jarah n wind jarap n a law, rule, norm; (pl) law, law code [‘ordered thing’] jašag n plow [OS ṭeşşeg] jašagi vt plow jašap n a painting jaraŋ n plate, platter; phonograph record [‘thing for eating’] jat pp in, inside; to, toward jatjašap n idea, mental image; imagination jatješpi vt imagine [‘inside-paint’] jatkini v speak on behalf of someone, intercede [‘toward-talk’] jatnem adv today [‘in day’] jatnemi a modern, contemporary [‘of today’] jatvanki vi immigrate [‘move in’] jebi vt add [OS ḍebḍ-] Jebriŋ n Jeor [OS Ḍabriŋ] jed n door, gate [jadi] jeda n seed; semen [cf. OS ḍad] jeg n bag, sack [jagi] jegit n purse, small bag jehi vi blow, be windy [cf. OS ḍegl-] jeja n human, man (ungendered) [jeŋuja] jeješi v examine, scrutinize, look over; search, seek [redup. of ‘eye’] jejit n child [‘little human’] jejok n rocket, missile [jehjokšo ‘air javelin’] jeki vt refine [OS ḍeks-] jekuku n steel [‘refined’] jem n string; cord, wire [from ‘long’] jen n arrow [Cuolose] jenči vt meet, dine, or worship together [cf. OS ḍemṭ- ‘unite’] jenčim n meeting (esp. for worship) [‘we meet’] jenčimali n meeting hall (esp. Jippirasti) jeŋ n mouthful jeŋali n shrine, Jippirasti holy place jeŋu n god, divinity; religion; Jippir [cf. OS ḍeln- ‘become a god’]
jeŋui ŋulla scripture, esp. the Baburkunim and Čelepa s atejjeŋudeg a holy, divine [‘godlike’] jeŋuja n non-divine, mortal; sentient being [‘not god’] jeŋusarak a god-loving, pious [‘loves god’] jesrud n poison [X. jesirc rud] jesruda v poison ješ n eye [jiši] ješpi vt paint [OS ḍeşp-] Jidebur n Jecuor island [OS Detubori] jidi vi fall apart, be ruined [cf. OS gid-] jim a long, tall [cf. OS -dim] jimali n road, route [‘long place’]
jimali si hamam railroadjimat n length, tallness jinčigi v last, continue, persist [‘long stand’] jinmala n telephone [‘long speaking’] jinjapa n a very fine quality horse [‘long mane’] jiŋi vt eat; bite [cf. OS gim-] jipi vt order, command, demand Jippir n the One God [‘the demanding’] Jippirasti n religion of Jippir [‘I listened to Jippir’] Jippirastig a relating to Jippirasti Jippirasutu n a follower of Jippir [‘he has listened to Jippir’] Jippirim n capital of Skouras [‘God’s city’] jippirimi n of or from Jippirim jir pp at (a time [cf. OS -aṭiḷ, with interference from jira] jira n hour [OS ḍira] jiri adv still, yet [‘of the hour’] jiši vt see (jišat, jištu) [cf. OS ḍiṣn-] jišmefi vt ruminate; consider, evaluate [‘see-think’] jišti a cold [cf. OS -ikt] jišti v (LŠ) seem, appear [‘seen’] jištit n cold, coldness jnuta n shipment, order [OS dniutta] jniti vt ship; order, send for [from jnuta] jo pr who, what (relativizer, not interrogative) joderag a obligatory, necessary [‘must go’] joh n brother [cf. OS ḍod] johdeg n brotherly, fraternal [‘like a brother’] johhir n pal, friend jokšo n spear, javelin [Ax. juxou] joma n one fifth [OS ḍbema] joŋi n (LŠ) sugar cane; sugar [Lé joŋhì] joŋig a sugary, sweet jos n kingdom; dominion over non-believers; (poetic) zenith, daytime [cf. OS ḍus ‘day, sun’] jori vt rule, reign (esp. over unbelievers) [cf. OS geṣr-] josi n royal, kingly jraki vi cry; drip [cf. OS derk-] jreta n one quarter [OS ḍreṭa] jur a rotten, corrupt juran n tin [cf. OS ḍiran] juranami n wolfram [‘black tin’] jurat n rottenness, corruption jurudeg a sovereign [juru ‘he rules himself’ + ‘way’] kačar n gold [Elkarîl qichidd] kačri a golden kagru n zombie, undead [Mei kogru] Kahon n Carhinno, Qarau; a division of Jippirasti [Carhinnian *Qarxaun] Kahonali n Carhinnia, Qarimia kahoni a Carhinnian, Qarau kahonnir n follower of Kahonpita Kajina n Caďinas [Caď.] kajini a, n Caďinorian kalaj a (LŠ) bad [kalasja] kalan a tempting; (LŠ) attractive kalas n milk (in general) [klesi] kalasja n a cow that doesn’t give milk; worthless kalni vt lure, tempt (kalan) [cf. OS kern- ‘attract’] kanak n wall [‘separator’] kanjali n hiding place kanji vt hide, conceal [cf. OS kaḍb- ‘lie’] kanjudimi vt have sex illicitly [‘hidden-love’] kanjutu a hidden, concealed kanki vt separate, divide off [cf. OS kenk-] kanši vi row (a boat) [OS kanṣ-] kaŋ n foot [cf. OS gan-] kašak a dead karad n corpse; carrion [kodi] karadig a of corpses or carrion; hateful, vile karadjirag n carrion-eater (an unclean animal); monster, villain karak n fight, battle [kriji] karakluj n war [‘big fight’] karaš n cannon, artillery [from ‘cast’] karkig a violent karkigat n violence kašti vt die; (e) kill, execute [cf. OS keṣg-] kašutu n corpse, someone killed kebi vi wait; undertake a vigil; (vt) wait for, expect [cf. OS kamp-] kerak n millet [OS krek] keri vt train a horse kešp n spittoon Kevvir n Kebri [from kevri] kevri a, n Kebreni kinali n discussion; (LŠ) meeting, esp. non-religious [‘speaking place’] kini vt speak (to people); listen to (kišan); (LŠ) complain, plead [cf. OS kisn- ‘listen’] kirz n mare (who has given birth) [Naviu] kiyas a, n gay, lesbian [Mei kiwes] klami vt close, shut [cf. OS ŋalm-] klatno n virus [after Kor Klapno, its discoverer] klesi vt feed; nurse (with milk) [cf. OS ŋels- ‘eat’] kodali n ruins; an old or worn-out horse; (LŠ) old kodi vi fall apart, fall into ruin [Wede:i kudu ‘break’] kome n world [Ax. komeï] Komer n Almea [‘this world’] kon n, a east; dawn [cf. OS kom-] konnir n easterner kor cj, pp because (of) [cf. OS krum-] koriŋ n mountain lion; a city (Kuḷiŋibor) [OS kuḷiŋ] koroši v throw, cast; shoot (arrows); (LŠ) dump, fire [imitative] krati vi sleep (overnight; cf. gaji) [cf. OS kalt-] kriji vt fight [cf. OS kirk-] kroŋi vi stamp, kick [‘boot’] krolit n pistol, revolver [‘small rifle’] krolta n rifle, gun in general [Lé krɔ̀tlá] kruna n fog, cloud; (in pl) sky [cf. OS ŋarn-] kruni a foggy, cloudy krunim n space station [‘sky city’] kruŋ n boot; hoof [imitative of sound] kugi vi rain kuh q a lot, very much [cf. OS kus- ‘too much’] kuhmerg adv that much, to that extent [‘much number’]
kuhmerg bandig! how marvelous!kui intj turn right! [Naviu] kul a sick, ill [cf. OS kirl-] kulat n sickness, illness
Fananaki kulat a virulent illness first encountered in Fananakkulher n tuberculosis [‘sick lung’] kulja n healthy, well [‘not sick’] kuljat n health kulun n dust kullir n patient, sick person Kulatiman n a city [OS Kolatimand] Kulig n the opposite or enemy of Jippir; associated with Munkhâsh [‘sick one’] kuligi a cursed, damned (strong despective) kuliggir n ktuvok [‘Kulig one’] Kuligman n Munkhâsh [‘Kulig realm’] kulkini vt lie (to), deceive [‘sick-speak’] kum n rain [PS *kuŋu] Kuman n Kuman, a city in Jaešim [OS Komand] kumig a rainy Kurund n first Atej of the Tžuro; conqueror of Munkhâsh [poss. kuru ‘he trained it’ + adj’n] Kurundasti n the dynasty of Kurund; first dynasty of Tžuro Skouras [‘I obeyed Kurund’] Kurundim n a city in Šura [‘Kurund city’] kuš q many, much; numerous, common [cf. OS kaṣ] kušali pr in many places kušap a (LŠ) idiotic [‘drooling’] kušga pr (LŠ) few [‘not many’] kušpi vt spit; fire arrows while retreating; (LŠ) hate (kušap, kušupu) [imitative] kuššir pr many people, many things kušupu n spit Kutaj n son of Attafei lam n angel, minor deity [cf. OS -ram ‘great’] ledjem n radio [‘no wire’] Lenan n the Lenan lake and plateau [cf. OS Regnand] lenani n, a Lenani, of or from Lake Lenan or the Lenani ethnicity legdi a preferably, rather [cf. OS anakti ‘first’] legdiji vt prefer [from legdi] lena n story, history; (LŠ) novel [OS nlena] lendi a third [cf. OS anandi] lešpi a second [cf. OS anaṣpi] let q none, not any; (LŠ) no lettir pr no one, nobody, nothing loč n oasis; park [cf. OS luṭ ‘meadow’] lidah n train [Keb. lidaḣnan] ločig a park-like; picturesque, pretty lokoš n onion [Wede:i lukśu] lon n water lonali n oasis, spring [‘water place’] lonig a watery, fluid, liquid lonnuja n alchemy, chemistry [‘study of liquids’] lont n peace; calm [cf. OS lend-] lonti a peaceful, calm Losainai a Losaynu luj a big, large, wide [cf. OS -roḍ] lujali n street [‘wide place’] lujat n size, bigness mabiŋ # 30 [‘six-five’] madala # 24 [‘six-four’] madej # 18 [‘six-three’] mafali n consultative council, court, senate [OS smapali ‘senate’]
mafali si mosa Union Senatemafallir n councillor, senator mag n heap, mess [cf. OS meṣg-] mah # six [cf. OS mar] mahi n wheat [Wede:i mai] majam n wheel [OS meḍḍem] majaŋ n star [cf. OS maḍaŋ] majint n starry mark on a horse’s face [majaŋit] makaš n saddlebag [Naviu] mali vt speak (things) [cf. OS meŋl-] malulu n text, phrase, sentence [‘spoken’] man n people, nation, country, land; (archaic) person [cf. OS mand] mane n mom, mommy [babytalk for maran] mani a national, of the country manač n scales [OS menneṭ] manči vt weigh [OS manṭ] mandi vt accompany, go with [cf. OS mend-] manit n icëlan [‘little person’] mantaf n mainland; continent [‘great land’] maŋal n mouth [cf. OS meŋel] maramu n penguin [OS maragmu] mar pr that one, (CT) this one
mar X, yanye Y not only X, but also Y
mar X, gotot Y although X, still Ymarag n abacus [OS merreg] maraggir n accountant, clerk [‘the abacus man’] maral n young girl, daughter; (LŠ) girl, young woman [‘talking’] maralig a girlish, effeminate maran n mother [cf. OS meln-] marandeg a motherly, maternal marga cj but not, certainly not
marga X, marga Y neither X nor Y
marga X, yan Y not X but Ymargi vt count [OS merg-] margluj n computer [‘big count’] marrut pr (LŠ) that one yonder [‘that.one away’] martaj pr (LŠ) this one [‘that.one near’] masan n grass [cf. OS misan] masanig a grassy masni vt graze [from masan] maš a female, feminine [cf. OS ¬maṣḍ-] mašat n femininity meddeg a sisterly; benign, prudent meddeja a malign, villainous; imprudent meddejjir n villain, enemy meh n bread [mahi] mefajag n an angel who gatekeeps heaven [‘spiritual porter’] mefi vt think; work out, reason out [cf. OS masp-] mefideg a rational [‘mind-like’] mefig a mental, spiritual, non-physical mefija a irrational mefkome n the spiritual world [‘think-world’] mej n body; (as opposed to core) flesh [cf. OS med] mejig n bodily, physical mejjašap n tattoo [‘body paint’] mejkome n the physical world, nature [‘body-world’] mel n language, speech [mali] mem n lip [cf. OS melm] Mer n the Mei [Mei Meir ‘the Mei’] merg n number [margi] meri a of or from the Mei Meros n Sevisor, Mei Ros [half-calque of Mei Ros] merosi a, n Sevisre, of Sevisor met n sister [cf. OS mald] meti n nephew [‘sister’s (son)’] miji vt turn, rotate [cf. OS miḍ] mijirku n photograph [Keb. miźirgu] miks n pine, fir [cf. OS migas] mikšas n kohl, antimony; eye makeup [Mei mikšes] Milegenji n a city [OS Miligenḍi] Minču n a city [OS Minṭu] minkini vt speak for someone [‘under-speak’] minpopoši v simmer [‘under-boil’] mirj a alone, solitary, lonely; private [cf. OS mirḍ-] mirjat n solitude, loneliness; privacy min pp under, below; (a) low [cf. OS men-] min pr I, me [from ‘under’] minan n bottom; basis, foundation [‘under all’] minanig a basic, foundational minčal n submarine [‘under sea’] mini pr we minnir n minister, steward [‘underling’] mo # one [cf. OS moṭ]
mo X, ŋokye Y either X or Y (exclusive or)modeg adv only, just, nothing but [‘one way’] mog # twelve [OS morg] moga pr not a few, a significant number of [‘not one’] moggei n sergeant [‘(in charge of) 12’] momah # seven [‘one-six’] moŋi vi fear, be afraid moŋk n ear [cf. OS meŋ- ‘hang’] moŋkčip n earring [‘ear-ring’] mor pr (archaic) this one mor a young [cf. OS -mol] morat n youth mori n niece, a man’s sister’s daughter and thus his heir morluj a younger mosa n union, unity [from ‘one’] mosto n filly, young female horse [Cuolese ‘maiden horse’] mot n individual, entity, person; one thing; (law) plaintiff
mot pašriripu for instance, for example [‘I point to one thing’]mulk a black or deep brown [Elkarîl] muka n deer [cf. OS mulg] muŋ n fear, cowardice [cf. OS maŋ-] muŋŋir n shaman, Mei priest [Mei muñoi] musah n shit, crap nadizio n neutron [Keb.] nahat n pocket, pouch [cf. OS nisad ‘vulva’] naj a dull yellow, dun (of horses) [Elkarîl] najaya n epic [Mei] nak a new [cf. OS -naku] nakat n newness, novelty Nakmana n Lebiscuri [‘new lands’, calque on Ver.] nakšu n hemp [OS naṣgu] Namau n the Namal [OS, reinterpreted as a plural] namauni n of or from the Namal nami n shine [cf. OS nalm-] namig a shiny, shining namigur n (LŠ) cash, money [‘the shiny’] naŋgi vt trick, deceive, cheat; trap [OS nank-] naŋka n (CT) bad omen; (LŠ) disaster, catastrophe naraj n eagle, falcon; bullet train Naraji n, a a branch of the Kurundasti who founded a tej in 1920 naram n moon [‘shiny’] narami a lunar naran n possession, property, something owned naraš n maiden, adolescent girl, young woman [‘blooming’] narm a round, circular [cf. OS marm-] narmat n roundness narmit n little ball; bean nasal n bird [cf. OS nals- ‘fly’] naši n splash, spray nata n leaf [PS *njaca] natandi n leafy navat n prey, victim nebi vt teach (nebat) [cf. OS nemt- ‘rise’] nebubu n doctrine; curricullum neč n spur nefat a galloping, out of control; (LŠ) crazy nefti vi gallop [nepat ‘rushed’] nehehi vi neigh [imitative] nehi vi move [cf. OS ner-] nehnuja n physics [‘move-study’] neja # one third [cf. OS ḍneḍa] nejo pr when (subordinator); logical if nejjo n quark [‘one-third particle’] Nelam n Nan [Nanese Neilem] nelami a, n Nanese nelet pr never [nem let ‘no day’] neli vi fly (nesal) [cf. OS nals-] nellir n airplane nem n light; day neman pr always [‘all day’] nembiv pr sometimes; at least once; someday nemmo pr once; (on) one day
nemmo X… zun Y once X (happens), then Y (can happen)nemmor n morning [‘young day’] nempit adv tomorrow [‘following day’] nensavi v (LŠ) flirt, tease [‘(do) evening’] nensov n evening [‘old day’] nentret adv yesterday [‘preceding day’] neŋgok pr (on) another day neŋi vi apologize; defend (oneself) [cf. OS neln- ‘speak’] neŋk n trick, trap neŋkuš pr (on) many days nep a busy, useful; hurried, rushed [cf. OS nidp- ‘active’] nepat n busyness, rush, hurry ner pr then, at that time [‘that day’] nerm n circle; lasso nertaj pr (LŠ) now [‘then near’] neš n splash, spray nevnio n proton [Keb.] nevnu n atomic nucleus [Keb.] nevnui a nuclear niči v spur (a horse); encourage, inspire, invigorate [imitative] niti vt pursue, chase; seek [cf. OS nesd- ‘hunt’] nibaŋag a harmful, dangerous niderag a, n capable, able; capability, power [‘can do’] nidiram a lovely, beautiful [‘can love’] niješap a imaginable [‘can-painting’] nijišat a able to see; visible nijištu a clear, obvious, simple, evident [‘can be seen’] nimeraf n intelligent, smart [‘can think’] ninti vt hunt (nivat) [cf. OS nibt- ‘track’] nirni vt have, own, possess [OS nirn-] nirši vi bloom, flower (naraš, nirššu) [cf. OK narṣ-] nirššu n flower nisaji v permit, allow (someone) [‘can touch’] ništi a first [cf. OS nikt-] ništig a important, primary [‘of the first’] non n head [Lenani, PS *njum-] nonim n character, role [OS nolnim ‘person referred to (in a play)’] nuji vt know (nujat, nujutu) [cf. OS neld-] nujat a knowing, wise nujat n male elder (anyone from a previous generation) [‘knowing’] nujutu a, n known; what is conscious nujudja a, n unknown; the unconscious nuladi vt make, craft [back-formation from inulada] nuladig a skillful, proficient nusan n (LŠ) drug, drugs [Mei nusane] ŋadim n female lover, beloved ŋajjos n queen ŋajoŋ n (LŠ) sweetheart, girlfriend ŋalas n dinner ŋalsi vi dine, eat well [OS ŋels-] ŋamaš n woman; wife [‘female one’] ŋamin n maid, maidservant ŋanak n wine [Elkarîl ngunuq] ŋanat n tooth ŋanatbaŋag n toothache ŋaŋku a drunk ŋari vt rebel, revolt (against) ŋaraš n purchase ŋarši vt buy, purchase [OS ŋarṣ-] ŋasev n aunt, female elder; (LŠ) grandmother ŋastuja n prostitute [‘unclean woman’] ŋašat n fire, flame; (LŠ) outrage [imitative?] ŋašati a on fire, aflame; (LŠ) outraged ŋaten n bride ŋarat n sale; thing sold ŋati vt sell [OS ŋart-] ŋatžek n naked woman ŋeči vi be dirty ŋeču a, n dirty; slave ŋečuja a free [‘not slave’] ŋene n dad [babytalk for ŋesu] ŋesu n (LŠ) father [babytalk for aŋesum] ŋin n linen [Wede:i ŋiyan] ŋini a made of linen ŋiyan n cat [imitative] ŋok # two [cf. OS ḍog] ŋoki v hit, beat; (LŠ) attack ŋokješi v edit, review [‘two eyes’] ŋokur pr (LŠ) both [‘the two’] ŋokye cj neither
mo X, ŋokye Y either X or Y (exclusive or)ŋom n rock, stone ŋomig a rocky, stony ŋoši vt dig, excavate [onomatopeia] ŋuhi vt serve ŋulla n word [OS nliulla] Ornah n Ornakh, capital of Dhekhnam [Dh.] pabakas n wild horse, bronco [‘can’t ride’] pač a strong; brave [cf. OS -epṭ] pačat n strength pačigi vi live [‘stay years’] paderag a, n incapable, unable; incapacity, inability; (LŠ) impossible [‘can’t do’] padiram a ugly [‘can’t love’] pagač n swelling; root vegetable, esp. carrots paji vt conquer, defeat [cf. OS pagm-] pajišat a, n blind [‘can’t see’] pajištu a obscure, hard to understand [‘can’t be seen’] pal a gentle, mild, kind, nice; polite; civilized [cf. OS paln- ‘favor’] palat n gentleness, mildness; politeness; civilization palja a mean, vicious; impolite; uncivilized, savage paljat n meanness; impoliteness; savagery pameraf n idiot [‘can’t think’] pan a male, masculine [cf. OS pasn-] pan intj hi, hello [ipandau ‘blessings’] panad a fortuitous, providential, of great help panat n masculinity pandi vt help, assist; bless; love (family or God); (LŠ) be crazy for[cf. OS pamd-] panki n gamble [OS pank-] papit a pagan [‘can’t believe’] papiti n pagan parač n game [OS parṭ-] paran n man (male person; cf. jeja); husband pasaji v forbid, disallow (someone) [‘can’t touch’] pasat a, n deaf [‘can’t hear’] pašanak a lazy, idle [‘can’t work’] pašanakat n laziness, idleness pašap n sign, mark [cf. OS peṣp-] pašapi vt signal, mark; refer to, point to (pašap, pašupu) pašma n despotism, tyranny [OS upaṣmas] pašmandi a despotic, tyrannical pašupu n reference, antecedent, thing pointed to or referred to pat n year [cf. OS past] pata n life; age [lit. ‘years’] pažih a slow [‘can’t (go) fast’] pehi vi vanish, wane, fade away [PS *peɣ, cf. OS parṭ- ‘be idle’] peja n steam [Keb. peza] Pelihi n the Mnau peninsula; the city of Pilagi [OS Peligi] pelihhir n, a of or from Pilagi or the Mnau peri n, a flaid, flaidish [Keb.] Pereli n Flora perun a Perunic [Ver.] pita n belief; sect, schism or division of Jippirasti pigoči v swell, get bigger [synaesthetic] pigočutu a swollen; pregnant pittir n believer, sectarian piči vt follow; believe (pit) [cf. OS sipt-] pis # ten [OS pisan] pišmi vt delegate, appoint [OS piṣm-] pišmumu n appointee, delegate pit pp after (in time), since pitžalas n (CT) storytelling and games around the campfire; (LŠ) performance, show [‘after dinner’] pitžalsi vi perform, put on a show pluti vt trust, put faith in [cf. OS pitl-] popoši v boil; rage, fume [imitative] pres n smile, laugh presit n smile (i.e. pres excluding laughter) preti vt respond, answer [cf. OS pitr-] prisi vi smile, laugh [cf. OS pirs-] pura n butt, ass [Mei] -r pr this, that (after a vowel; see -ur) rajal n earth, soil; farm [cf. OS raḍ, PS *ɣacala] rajali a earthy raraž a grateful, appreciative raud n hot raudat n heat raudgaji vt sunbathe; take a sauna [‘hot lie’] raži vt be grateful, (e) show appreciation; sacrifice reg n song, poem regi vt sing [cf. OS rin-] rem n a weaving ren n a fold or crease ret cj then, next [cf. OS ḷand-] rimi vt weave [Wede:i rimu] roma n mare’s milk [Naviu] romajim n cheese [‘long mare’s milk’, i.e. long-lasting] rotžo n jackal rudi vi be outside ruddir n outsider ruli vt burn [cf. OS rel-] runi vt fold, crease [cf. OS riln-] ruŋ # 1728 [OS] rut pp out of, outside; from (a place) rutali n border; edge, boundary rutig a foreign rutvanki vi emigrate [‘move out’] s pp of (form of si before a vowel) sačaš n clock [OS seṭṭeş] saččeg n authority, legitimacy [‘correct place’] saččeggir n (LŠ) authority, person in charge sači vi be correct (of a proposition) (sačaš) [OS saṭṣ- ‘solve’] sačutu a, n correct, true, right; orthodox; the main Tžuro division of Jippirasti sadat n boy, son [‘running’] saga n fish [Cuolese sagna] Saho n Saɣow, capital of Sevisor sahut n movie, film [Keb. saḣudte] Saina n Sainor people sainai n, a Sainor sajaš n machine [Xurnese seješ] sajašei n robot, android [‘machine person’] saji vt touch, feel; experience; (abstract) do, act; (math) equal (saraj) [cf. OS serḍ- ‘hit’] sak a pleasant, enjoyable [cf. OS sark-] sakat n pleasantness, enjoyment saki vt enjoy, like, take pleasure in, be amused sakluj n winter [‘big snow’] sal a flat [cf. OS -sal] salat n flatness; platform san n, a middle, center; central [cf. OS -saln] sanas n council, cabinet [sizi] sanat n sword [OS sinat] sanbaraj a precise, exact [‘put in the center’] sanit n yearling, young horse [Naviu] Sanman n a region in Fananak [‘center country’] santit n dagger, small sword sarak n snow; white blaze on a horse’s face [‘white thing’] saraj pp up to, until, just reaching [‘touching’] saraki vi snow sarni vt cook [OS sanr-] sat vt present participle of asti ‘hear, obey’] sati vi run; (horses) canter (sadat) [cf. OS semt-] sava n mountain range [cf. OS sapa] savai n mountainous savvir n someone from the mountains; (LŠ) elcar sent n a unit of measurement, about 0.3 meter serti vi swim [cf. OS setr-] set n run sevi vi leave, depart [cf. OS sep-] si pp genitive particle; s before a vowel [cf. OS -san, -sat] sič, sid, siš vi irregular progressive of si ‘be’ sigreja n household, family [‘of house’] sikti vt tax, be taxed [OS sikt-] sinti vt measure [OS simt-] Siyabo n Siad βo siyaboi a, n Siadese sizi vt advise, counsel (sinas) [cf. OS sins-] so pr he, him, it soga cj unless, except soh n bug, insect; small reptile [PS *suɣ] sohluj m large reptile sok a white [cf. OS -sok] sokat n whiten sono pr they [cf. OS -san] soŋ n she, her soŋka n a stout horse, suitable for heavy riders but not for war; (LŠ) boss [Cuolese ‘bear’] soti vt clean, purify (body or spirit) [cf. OS ¬salt-] sov a old [cf. OS -osp] sovat n oldness; seniority sovei n female elder, the older generation in a fsava sovluj a elder, older sr- vi dual/plural forms of irregular ši ‘be’ stuja a unclean, indecent, sinful stujamali v accuse, blame [‘say sin’] stuji vi sin stutu a clean, pure suk n nose [PS *suko] sukluj n honker, huge nose; a perennially angry or drunk person suka n enterprise, organization [OS psiukka] sukkir n clerk, representative of an organization sukmin n fetlock [‘lower nose’] sulk n night, darkness [cf. OS suḷg-] sulki a dark; nocturnal šabar n beer [OS ‘colored’] šaj a red; (horses) maroon; angry [cf. OS -uṣṭ] šaj n blood; vigor, animal spirits, guts [‘red’] šajat n redness; anger šaji a (LŠ) great, good, fine šajig a bloody; vigorous šalam n sail; sailing ship [OS ṣilm-] šanki vt work [OS saŋk-] šankali n workplace šapi vt agree (with), consent [cf. OS ṣamp-] šarag n outfit, clothes šavar n stanza, passage, text šej n animal [‘thing with blood’] šejkome n ecophere, life-support area (e.g. in a space station) šejnuja n zoology šeli vi glow, reflect light [cf. OS ṣebr-] šembri n tavern, inn [’beer place’] ši vi be (irregular) šigu n toil; (LŠ) trouble, problem, bother [X.] Šijji n Šiji island Šinour n the Šinour river [Old Mei Šeginur] šinouri a of or from the Šinour or, by extension, Šura šib a fat [cf. OS ṣilp-] šibat n fatness šimi vi float [cf. OS ṣilm-] šivinali n university, academy [Čeiyu Šivines + ‘place’] šogi vt wear (clothes), put on; dress [Wede:i śoku] šun n cow; beef [Cuolese šũ] šundo n a mediocre or disappointing horse [Cuolese ‘cow-horse’] Šura n Skouras [OS] Šuranak n the Koranax [‘new Skouras’] Šurantal n the Skourene Sea šureni a, n Šureni, Skourene (as a geographic term)
šureni mel Šureni languagešvari vt write [Ax. šebari] -taf afx mighty taj pp next to, near, alongside; with (accompanying); (LŠ) this, yes; by (an agent) [cf. OS taḍ] taj cj besides, in addition, by the way tajaji v reach, extend (tajaraj) [‘far-touch’] tajei n cousin; anyone of your generation in a fsava [‘side one’]
tajja tajei remote relative
tajeiu (LŠ) extended familytajja a far, distant [‘not near’] tajjadeg adv distantly; (LŠ) by far, exceedingly tajjeg n child of a cousin tajur n dragon [Naviu] talka a speckled, spotted (esp. of horses) [Naviu] Telim n Tyellakh [Munkhâshi Trêlag] telimi n, a Tyellakhi taki vt drink [cf. OS dam-] tanas n knife [cf. OS tennes] tappa n democracy [OS utampas] tappandi a democratic Tappimosa n Democratic Union (DU) tarad n face, front [cf. OS dirad] taraj n wrapper, wrap; light-colored markings on an animal’s leg tarak n beverage taral n handle [‘pull thing’] taralit n button; trigger taraš n bridle [‘leather thing’] tarat n the Skourene syllabary; any runes or unreadable symbols [OS terret] tarat pp in front of [tarad] tasan n wedding, marriage (as an event) tasat n opening, window [cf. OS tast-] taš n skin, hide [cf. OS taṣp-] tašit n parchment; (LŠ) paper, (in pl) manuscript [‘little skin’] tati vt spell [OS tart-] tatit n character, syllable (in the Jippirasti syllabary) teči vi exist [cf. OS tirṭ-] tej n realm, administration (pl. teje) [cf. OS tebbeḍ] teji vt rule, reign (over believers) tejja a outside the Tej; benighted, immoral [‘tej-less’] teki vt stop, finish (teŋku) [cf. OS teŋk-] Teland n Teland, capital of the DU [Mei] teni vt marry, wed (male takes erg.) (tesan) [cf. OS tesn-] tensu n gelding, castrated animal; (LŠ) wimp [‘cut’] teŋ pp above, over [cf. OS ¬dem-] teŋ pr you (s.) [from ‘over’] teŋe pr you (pl.) teŋeli n steppe, plateau [‘upper place’] teŋkruna n outer space [‘above sky’] teŋkrunnir n astronaut teŋku a finished, complete; done thoroughly teŋŋir n saint, holy man (esp. in Fanpita) [from ‘over’] teŋŋirat n saintliness, holiness terad n omen, supernatural sign, fate
Suč terad It’s a bad omen. (To call it bad is to make it worse.)teradig a ill-omened, unfortunate teš n leather; mange (which reveals leathery skin) [taš] teši a leathery tešp n rip, tear tešpi vt rip, tear [cf. OS tisp-] tettir n the Jippirasti syllabary; the spelling of a word tez n cut tezi vt cut; shave; castrate (tensu) [cf. OS tins-] tih n lake [cf. OS dit] toji vt wrap [cf. OS deg-] tor n hand [cf. OS teral]
jat čelepau a jat toro in theory and in practicetoraš n easy, smooth [‘flowing’] tori a manual, by hand; (vt) handle, pull toš a blue [OS toṣ] toši vt pour, make flow; (a) flow, run (of liquids) [cf. OS tiṣḍ-] tot pp using, with (instrumental) [‘in the hand’] traki vt (e) drop something, (a) fall [cf. OS targ-] treči vi dance; tread, stomp [imitative] tredi vt precede, be in front (of) tret pp before (in time), until troti vt use, make use of; adopt[from ‘hand’] trotutu n tool, utensil; weapon [‘used’] turuk n a large arrow used to fell a rider’s horse [‘it makes it fall’] tžek n naked, nude [cf. OS tasg-] tžekat n nudity, nakedness tžopi vt hop, jump lightly [imitative] Tžuro n the Tžuro people [cf. OS ateṣoro ‘faithful ones’]
mel si Tžuro the Tžuro language
mel si Babur Classical Tžurotžuroi a of or from the Tžuro ube n sheep [Elkarîl mbêm] učand a Uṭandal Udan n Uytai [from Nyandainese Uydai] udani n, a Uytainese Uŋuhim n name of the first Jaešimi colony in Fananak -ur pr this, that (-l after a vowel) [cf. OS -ul] vahar n ice valat n name [nom’n of ‘find’, i.e. ‘how you find them’]
valat si tajeiu family name
valat si jejit personal namevalati vt name, call valatut a authentic, real [‘named’] valatutja a inauthentic, fake, false valti vt find, discover, invent [cf. OS bilt-] vami vt watch, tend, observe [cf. OS bam-] vankali n camp, resting place vanki vi camp, sojourn; take a vacation; (LŠ) reside, inhabit [cf. OS benk- ‘stay’] vauka n horse tail [Naviu] vredi vt wake up, get up, (e) awaken [cf. OS bedr-] Vredura n Verduria vredurai n, a Verdurian yamali vt persuade, convince [‘speak for’] yana cj moreover, even more so yanad n sprout, shoot of a plant; cauliflower, broccoli yanye cj yet, even so, but still
mar X, yanye Y not only X, but also Yyar n cause, reason [yeri] yaumala n question yav pp for, because of, in order to [‘wanting’] yavgenked n antibiotic [‘(medicine) for bacteria’] yavklatno n vaccine [‘(medicine) for virus’] ye cj or yečigi vt set or place something; cause to be [‘make stand’] yečuki vt empty (out), impoverish; (a) become empty or poor yedajat n massage yedaji vt soften; massage yedegi vt invite; bring (things) [‘make go’] yegači vt gladden, make happy yegoki vt change [‘make different’] yegreji vt build, make [‘make a house’] yehami vt blacken yehi a creamy or golden in color, of horses [Cuolese ‘gold’] yejaki vt bear (a child) yejeŋi vt sanctify, make holy yejimi vt lengthen yejiši vt show, present [‘make see’] yejori vt take over [‘make rule’] yejuri vt corrupt yekuli vt sicken, get sick yeluji vt enlarge, get bigger yenaki vt renovate, renew, repair yendi vt start, begin; break a horse yenirni vt get, take, receive [‘cause to have’] yeŋoki vt pair things up; mate (animals); (LŠ) fuck [‘make two’] yepači vt strengthen, build up yepali vt make mild; teach manners; civilize yeri vt cause [back-formation from ye-] yesa n horse blood (esp. as an emergency drink) [Naviu] yesači vt rectify, make correct yesali vt flatten yesek n bleach yesig a like horse’s blood; (LŠ) disgusting, gross yesoki vt whiten, bleach yesulki vt darken yešaji vt redden; anger yešibi vt fatten yešigi vt toil; (LŠ) bother, trouble, cause problems for yetasati vt open yeteji vt crown or anoint as ruler yetžeki vt strip, make naked yeutu a desired, desirable yevi vt want, desire (yav, yeutu) yezali vt make great Yior n Yuor, capital of Cuoli [Mei] yoko a second [W. yokno] yoran n tree yornali n forest [‘tree place’] zaki vt press, squeeze; print (past part. zakku) [cf. OS ṣakt-] zakku n fish sauce [‘squeezed’] zal a great, mighty, grand [cf. OS -ṣagl] zal pr pronoun for kings, nobles, and gods zalat n greatness, might Zalnaram n the biggest moon, Iliažë [‘grand moon’] zalsu a, n fascist [X. xalsu ‘martialist’] zalsut n fascism zai n kumiss, fermented mare’s milk zeŋke n bear [Jeori, cf. Wede:i soŋka] zek n press zihaj a drunk, intoxicated [cf. OS -ṣidm ‘woozy’] zihajat n intoxicated zezini vt study, learn [X. zezine] Zruno n Xurno zrunoi n, a Xurnese zun cj thus, therefore [cf. OS nsul-] zur n sand; (pl) desert zurali n beach; sandbox [‘sandy place’] zurig n sandy žanak n magic, sorcery [Wede:i ranakuŋ]
perun žanak garlotážegi vt jerk, spasm; (of animals) startle while moving [imitative] Židonak n, a the Žiwdonag people of Fananak žih a fast žihat n speed žoh n dog žon n bone; (pl) skeleton, core, (metaphorically) heart, core, essence žonjat n favorite, pet [‘in heart’] žonsaji v be key or essential; be dear [‘touch heart’] žonsajig a essential, key, primary žraŋi vt entrust (an office), honor [cf. OS ḍerm- ‘ennoble’]