This file lists the proto-languages I've collected (at various levels of time depth), as well as ancient languages important in reconstruction (e.g. Latin, Sanskrit, Classical Tibetan). In addition, where I don't have a proto-language for an important language family, I've sometimes included a modern language just for completeness' sake.
The order has been slightly altered from the main list. The groups said to belong to Nostratic (Indo-European, (South) Caucasian, Afro-Asiatic, Dravidian, Uralic, Altaic, Chukchi-Kamchatkan, and Eskimo) have been placed together; and, just below them, Ainu, which Greenberg adds to form Eurasiatic.
If you discover anything, please contact Joseph Greenberg immediately.
| Indo-European | ||||||||||
| Proto-Indo- European+ | *oynos / *sem | *duwo: | *treyes | *kwetwores | *penkwe | *sweks | *septm | *okto: | *newn | *dekm |
| Old Germanic+ | *ainaz | *twai | *thrijiz | *petwor | *fimfi | *seks | *sibum | *ahto: | *niwun | *tehun |
| Old Norse+ | einn | tveir | thrír | fjórir | fimm | sex | sjau | átta | níu | tíu |
| Old Icelandic+ | einn | tueir | thrír | fiórer | fimm | sex | siau | átta | nío | tío |
| Gothic+ | ains | twai | threis | fidwor | fimf | saíhs | sibun | ahtau | niun | taíhun |
| Latin+ | u:nus | duo | tre:s | quattuor | quinque | sex | septem | octo: | novem | decem |
| Old Irish+ | oín | dal | tri | cethir | cóic | sé | sechtn | ochtn | noín | deichn |
| Mycenean Greek+ | *hemei | *dwo | *tri- | *quetro- | *wex- | *ennewo- | ||||
| Classical Greek+ | hei:s | dúo: | trei:s | téttares | pénte | héx | heptá | októ: | ennéa | déka |
| Tocharian+ | se | wi | trai | s'twer | pis' | skas | sukt | okt | ñu | s'ak |
| Classical Armenian+ | mi | erk'u | erekh | chorkh | hing | vech | evthn | uth | inn | t'asn |
| Old Prussian+ | ains | dwai | dessempts | |||||||
| Old Church Slavonic+ | jedinu | d'va | tr'je | chetyre | pe,t' | shest' | sedm' | osm' | deve,t' | dese,t' |
| Hittite+ | da:- | tri- | meiu- | shipta- | ||||||
| Avestan+ | aeva- | dva- | thri- | chathwa:ra: | pañcha | xshvash | hapta | ashta | nava | dasa |
| Old Persian+ | aivaka- | duviti:ya- | th'ti:ya- | navama- | ||||||
| Pahlavi+ | e:vak | do: | si | chaha:r | panch | shash | haft | hasht | nuh | dah |
| Sanskrit+ | éka | dvá | trí | catúr | páñca | s.as. | saptá | as.tá | náva | dáça |
| Prakrit+ | ekko: | do: | tao: | chatta:ri | pañcha | ch'a | satta | atta | n.ava | dasa |
| Pali+ | eka | dvi | ti | catu | pañca | cha | satta | attha | nava | dasa |
| Proto-Indo- European+ | *oynos / *sem | *duwo: | *treyes | *kwetwores | *penkwe | *sweks | *septm | *okto: | *newn | *dekm |
| Dravidian | ||||||||||
| Proto-Dravidian+ | *oru | *iru | *muC | *na:l | *cayN | *caru | *eru | *ettu | *tol | *pat(tu) |
| Caucasian | ||||||||||
| Georgian | erti | ori | sami | otxi | xuti | ekvsi | shvidi | rva | cxra | ati |
| Uralic | ||||||||||
| Proto-Finno-Ugric+ | *ykte | *kakte | *kolm- | *neljä- | *vit(t)e | kut(t)e | ||||
| Altaic | ||||||||||
| Turkish | bir | iki | üç | dört | bes, | alti | yedi | sekiz | dokuz | on |
| Mongol | nigen | qoyar | ghurban | dorben | tabun | jirghughan | dologhan | naiman | yisün | arban |
| Gilyak | ||||||||||
| Gilyak (Nivkh) | nin | myen | tyaqr | nir | t'or | ngax | ngamk | minr | n'in'ben | mxo |
| Korean | ||||||||||
| Korean | hana | tul | set | net | tasôt | yôsôt | ilgop | yôdôl | ahop | yôl |
| Japanese | ||||||||||
| Classical Japanese+ | pitö | puta | mi | yö | itu | mu | nana | ya | töwo | |
| Afro-Asiatic | ||||||||||
| Akkadian+ | ishte:n | shena | shalash | erbe | h.amish | shishshu | sebe | sama:ne | tishe | esher |
| Phoenecian+ | '-h.-d | sh-n-m | sh-l-sh | '-r-b | h.-m-sh | sh-sh | sh-b-' | sh-m-n | t-sh-' | '-sh-r |
| Classical Hebrew+ | 'ahat | shtayim | shâlôsh | 'arba` | hâmêsh | shêsh | sheba` | shemôneh | têsha` | `eser |
| Aramaic+ | tadh | tere:yn | tela:tha:h | 'arebe'a:h | xamesha:h | shitha:h | shi:Be'a:h | tema:neya:h | ti:she'a:h | 'aserh |
| Classical Syriac+ | h.adh | tere:n | tela:tha | 'arbe'a: | h.amsha: | 'eshta: | shab'a: | tema:nia: | tesh'a: | 'eshra: |
| Egyptian+ | w-`-w | s-n-w-y | h.-m-t-w | y-f-d-w | d-y-w | s-y-s-w | s-f-h.-w | h.-m-n-w | p-s-d-w | m-d-w |
| Proto-Berber+ | yn | sn | krad | okkoz | fuss | fuss d yn | fuss d sn | fuss d krad | addaw meraw | meraw |
| Proto-HEC+ | *mitto | *lamo | *sase | *shoole | *omute | *leho | *lamala | *saddzee | *honso | *ton-me |
| Chukchi- Kamchatkan | ||||||||||
| Chukchi | ennen | ngireq | ngeroq | ngeraq | metlengen | ennenmetlengen | mengghetken | |||
| Eskimo-Aleut | ||||||||||
| Proto-Eskimo+ | *ataRuciR | *malRugh | *pingayut | *citamat | *ta |
*aRvinelegh | *malRughneng aRvinelegh | *ningayuneng aRvinelegh | *qulengnguRutengit | *qulet |
| Ainu | ||||||||||
| Ainu+ | shine | tu | re | ine | ashikne | iwan | arawan | tupesan | shinepe-san | wan |
| Burushashki | ||||||||||
| Burushashki | hin | a:ltan | i:sken | wa:lto | cundo | mishindo | talo | a:ltambo | huncho | to:rumo |
| Basque | ||||||||||
| Basque | bat | bi | hiru | lau | bost | sei | zazpi | zortzi | bederatzi | hamar |
| Etruscan | ||||||||||
| Etruscan+ | thu | zal | ci | huth | makh | sa | semph | cezp | nutph | s'ar |
| Sumerian | ||||||||||
| Sumerian+ | desh | min | pesh | lim | i | i-ash | i-min | i-us | i-lim | hu |
| Nilo-Saharan | ||||||||||
| Old Nubian+ | ouer- | ouo- | tousko- | kemso- | dij- | godeô- | kolot- | idouei | dimed- | |
| Niger-Congo | ||||||||||
| Proto-Edoid+ | *i-ve | *II-chaGI | *-nie | *ii-chiNenhi | *-chaN | *i-chie | *nhINanhI | *i-cienhi | *gbeNi | |
| Proto-Bantu-X+ | *-mó | *-bàdé | *-tátò | *-nà | *-táánò | *-kóm(ì, | ||||
| Tai | ||||||||||
| Thai | nyng2 | song3 | sa:m3 | si:2 | ha:4 | hog2 | ced2 | ped2 | kazh4 | sib2 |
| Austro-Asiatic | ||||||||||
| Vietnamese | mô.t | hai | ba | bô'n | nâm | sáu | báy | tám | chín | mu'ò'i |
| Mundari | mid | baria | apia | upunia | mon.r.ea | turuia | ea | írilia | area | gelea |
| Sino-Tibetan | ||||||||||
| Ancient Chinese+ | 'iêt8 | ñzhi6 | sâm2 | si6 | nguo4 | lyuk8 | ts'yet7 | pwat7 | kyeu4 | zhyep7 |
| Classical Tibetan+ | gtshig | gñis | gsum | bzhi | lnga | drug | bdun | brgyad | dgu | btshu |
| Proto-Burmic+ | *sum2 | *nga2 | *khyok | *n'it | *slit | *ko2 | *tshe1 | |||
| Proto-Lolo+ | nyi2 | sum2 | o2 | nga2 | kho'1 | sei2 | nye'1 | go2 | tsche1 | |
| Austronesian | ||||||||||
| Proto-Austronesian+ | isa? | dewsa | telu | xepate | lima? | eneme | pitu? | walu? | siwa? | puluque |
| Old Javanese+ | tunggul | rwa | telu | pat | lima | nem | pitu | uwalu | sanga | sapuluh |
| Almosan | ||||||||||
| Proto-Algonquian+ | *nekotwi | *ni:shwi | *ne?thwi | *nye:wi | *nya:lanwi | nekotwa:shika | ne?shwa:shika | meta:tahthe | ||
| Siouan | ||||||||||
| Dakota | wancha | nonpa | yamni | topa | zaptan | s'akpe | s'akowin | s'ahdoghan | napchinwanka | wikchemna |
| Iroquoian | ||||||||||
| Laurentian+ | segada | tigneny | asche | hannacon | ouyscon | aiaga | judaié | addegué | wadellon | assem |
| Na-Dené | ||||||||||
| Haida | SGoansiñ | stiñ | stAnsiñ | Le:i |
LGAnu |
dji:guaGa: | stansAñxa | LaA |
La:A | |
| Navajo | naaki | táá' | dí,í, | 'ashdla' | hastá,á, | tsosts'id | tseebíí | náhást'éí | neeznáá | |
| Aztec-Tanoan | ||||||||||
| Proto-Uto-Aztecan+ | *s |
*woha | *pahay | *na-wo | ||||||
| Oto-Manguean | ||||||||||
| Zapotec | to | chope | shone | tap | gueye' | xop | gazhe | xon' | ga | shi |
| Penutian | ||||||||||
| Proto-Miwok+ | *ken.e | *oti | *tel(.)o- | *?oj.is-.a- | *mas.o-k.a- | *tem.o-k.a- | *kene-k.a-k | *kaw.in-ta- | *wo?e- | *na?a.-cha- |
| Proto-Mayan+ | *xu:n | *ka?- | *?o:sh- | *ka:ng- | *ho?- | *wahq- | *huq- | *waqshaq- | *b'eleng- | *laxung |
| Chibchan | ||||||||||
| Chibcha+ | ata | botsa | mica | muyca | hycsa | ta | cuhubcua | sutsa | aca | hubchihica |
| Paezan | ||||||||||
| Chimú+ | onäk | aput | sopät | nopät | es'mäts | tsaitsa | ñite | langäss | tap | na-pong |
| Andean | ||||||||||
| Proto-Quechua+ | *suk | *ishkay | *kimsa | *çusku, *tawa | *pichqa | *suqta | *qançis | *pusaq | *isqun | *çunka |
| Equatorial | ||||||||||
| Old Tupi+ | oîepé | mokõí | mosapyr | irundyk | ||||||
| Ge-Pano-Carib | ||||||||||
| Carib | o:wiñ | o:ko | o:ruwa | o:kopaime | aiyato:ne | o:wiñ- duwo:piima | o:ko- tuwo:piima | o:ruwa- tuwo:piima | o:winapo:si- kï:rï | aiyapato:ro |
| Indo-Pacific | ||||||||||
| Fore | kánoné | tarawe | kakágawé | taraye' taraye kíriné | naya 'káno'empúné | to náentisa káno 'umemaye | to náentisa tara 'umemaye | to náentisa tarayekánokirí 'umemayé | to náentisa tarayetarayekirí 'úmemaye | naya 'taraye empúné |
| Tasmanian+ | marra(wa) | p'a(wa) | ||||||||
| Aka-Be-ada | u:batu:l | ik-paur | e:d-a:r-u:ba:i: | e:-i:ji-pagi | a:r-du:ru | |||||
| Pama-Nyungan | ||||||||||
| Gamilaraay+ | maal | bulaar | gulibaa | |||||||
| Almean | ||||||||||
| Proto-Eastern+ | *a:nu | *duna | *di:m | *ba:ghor | *pantu | *swetsa | *xayps | *yoki | *nebri | *dekt |
| Wede:i+ | bo | yok | s'ir | tause | pina | bang | bang boka | bang yokka | bang s'irka | bang tauseka |